High capacity and stable cathode materials
High energy density cathode materials, such as LiNi x Mn y Co z O2 (NMC) cathode materials, with improved discharge capacity (hence energy density) and enhanced cycle life are described. A solid electrolyte, such as lithium phosphate infused inside of secondary particles of the cathode material demonstrates significantly enhanced structural integrity without significant or without any observable particle cracking occurring during charge/discharge processes, showing high capacity retention of more than 90% after 200 cycles at room temperature. In certain embodiments the disclosed cathode materials (and cathodes made therefrom) are formed using nickel-rich NMC and/or are used in a battery system with a non-aqueous dual-Li salt electrolytes.
1. A cathode comprising:
a cathode material comprising an NMC having primary and secondary particles, wherein the secondary particles are formed of a plurality of primary particles and the secondary particles have lithium phosphate substantially uniformly distributed among grain boundaries of the primary particles within the secondary particles.
2. The cathode of claim 1 wherein the NMC is nickel-rich NMC and the secondary particles of the NMC do not significantly change morphology after at least 150 cycles in a lithium-ion or a lithium-metal battery system.
3. A lithium battery comprising:
NMC having primary and secondary particles, the secondary particles formed of multiple primary particles;
spaces between the primary particles within the secondary particles; and
lithium phosphate diffused into the spaces between the primary particles within the secondary particles; and
an electrolyte comprising a mixture of two lithium salts, an additive, and a solvent mixture that forms solid electrolyte interphase layers.
4. The lithium battery of claim 3 wherein the two lithium salts comprise lithium imide and lithium orthoborate in an organic solvent mixture.
5. The lithium battery of claim 3 wherein the two lithium salts comprise lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI), lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI), lithium bis(pentafluoroethyanesulfonyl)imide (LiBETI), lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiBOB), lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate (LiDFOB) and any mixture thereof.
6. The lithium battery of claim 3 wherein the additive comprises LiPF 6 , NaPF 6 , KPF 6 , CsPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiAsF 6 , LiSbF 6 , LiAlF 4 , vinylene carbonate (VC), fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), vinyl ethylene carbonate (VEC), methylene ethylene carbonate (MEC), tetrafluoroethylene carbonate (TFEC), trifluoropropylene carbonate (TFPC), 1,3-propylsultone, 1,4-butylsultone, or any mixture thereof.
7. The lithium battery of claim 3 wherein the solvent comprises carbonate, ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), dipropyl carbonate (DPC), di(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) carbonate (DTFEC), a sulfone, dimethyl sulfone (DMS), ethyl methyl sulfone (EMS), tetramethylene sulfone; carboxylates, methyl butyrate (MB), ethyl propionate (EP); a phosphate, dimethyl phosphate, triethyl phosphate, tributyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphate, tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphate; triphenyl phosphite, tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphite, an ether, nonafluorobutyl methyl ether, nonafluorobutyl ethyl ether, a nitrile, butyronitrile, succinonitrile, or any mixture thereof.
8. A method for making a lithium battery cathode, comprising:
providing an NMC precursor;
combining the NMC precursor with a lithium source to form a mixture;
sintering the NMC precursor and lithium source mixture to form a nickel-rich NMC particles;
coating the NMC particles with lithium phosphate;
heating the lithium phosphate coated NMC particles in an environment at a temperature between from 600° C. to 800° C. to infuse lithium phosphate from the coating into the NMC cathode material; and
forming a cathode from the lithium phosphate infused NMC cathode material.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein the lithium source is LiOH, Li 2 CO 3 , LiNO 3 , Li 2 CO 3 , lithium acetate, or any mixture thereof.
10. The method of claim 8 wherein the NMC precursor is NMC(OH) 2 .
11. The method of claim 10 wherein the precursor NMC(OH) 2 is combined with a phosphate source to form a mixture which is then sintered at high temperature to form lithium phosphate coated NMC(OH) 2 .
12. The method of claim 8 wherein the lithium phosphate coated nickel-rich NMC particles are annealed to form the lithium phosphate infused NMC cathode material.
13. The method of claim 8 wherein the NMC precursor is NMC(OH) 2 .