Biorenewable kerosene, jet fuel, jet fuel blendstock, and method of manufacturing
The present technology provides compositions that include at least about 98 weight percent (“wt %”) n-paraffins which, among other surprising features, may be suitable for use as a diesel fuel, an aviation fuel, a jet fuel blendstock, a blendstock to reduce the cloud point of a diesel fuel, a fuel for portable heaters, and/or as a charcoal lighter fluid. The composition includes at least about 98 wt % C 7 -C 12 n-paraffins, where at least about 10 wt % of composition includes n-decane, at least about 20 wt % of the composition includes n-dodecane, and at least about 75 wt % of the composition includes even carbon number paraffins. The composition also includes less about 0.1 wt % oxygenates and less than about 0.1 wt % aromatics. The composition may be produced by a process that includes hydrotreating a biorenewable feedstock comprising at least one of palm kernel oil, coconut oil, babassu oil, microbial oil, or algal oil.
1. A method of producing a composition, the method comprising
contacting a feed stream comprising a biorenewable feedstock with a hydrotreatment catalyst in a fixed bed hydrotreatment reactor to produce a hydrotreated product; and
fractionating the hydrotreated product to produce the composition;
wherein
the biorenewable feedstock comprises at least one of palm kernel oil, coconut oil, babassu oil, microbial oil, or algal oil;
the hydrotreatment catalyst comprises a monometallic Mo catalyst;
the fixed bed hydrotreatment reactor
is at a temperature less than about 750° F.; and
is at a pressure from about 200 psig to about 4,000 psig; and
the composition comprises
at least 98 wt % C 7 -C 12 n-paraffins, wherein at least 10 wt % of composition comprises n-decane, at least 20 wt % of the composition comprises n-dodecane, and at least 75 wt % of composition comprises even carbon number paraffins;
less than 0.1 wt % oxygenates; and
less than 0.1 wt % aromatics.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the liquid hourly space velocity of the biorenewable feedstock through the fixed bed hydrotreatment reactor is from about 0.2 hr −1 to about 10.0 hr −1 .
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the biorenewable feedstock further comprises animal fats, animal oils, plant fats, plant oils, vegetable fats, vegetable oils, or greases.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the biorenewable feedstock further comprises one or more of animal fats, poultry oil, soybean oil, canola oil, carinata oil, rapeseed oils, palm oil, jatropha oil, castor oil, camelina oil, seaweed oil, halophile oils, rendered fats, restaurant greases, brown grease, yellow grease, waste industrial frying oils, fish oils, tall oil, and tall oil fatty acids.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the biorenewable feedstock further comprises one or more of carinata oil, animal fats, restaurant greases, brown grease, yellow grease, and waste industrial frying oils.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the feed stream further comprises a diluent and the volume ratio of diluent to biorenewable feedstock falls within the range from about 0.5:1 to about 20:1.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method comprises fractionating the hydrotreated product to produce the composition and one or more C 14 -C 22 n-paraffin fractions comprising at least about 90 wt % C 14 -C 22 n-paraffins.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the one or more C 14 -C 22 n-paraffin fractions comprises a fraction comprising at least about 90 wt % C 14 -C 16 n-paraffins.
9. The method of claim 7 , wherein the one or more C 14 -C 22 n-paraffin fractions comprises a fraction comprising at least about 90 wt % C 14 -C 18 n-paraffins.
10. The method of claim 7 , wherein the one or more C 14 -C 22 n-paraffin fractions comprises a fraction comprising at least about 90 wt % C 16 -C 18 n-paraffins.
11. The method of claim 7 , wherein the one or more C 14 -C 22 n-paraffin fractions comprises a fraction comprising at least about 90 wt % C 18 -C 20 n-paraffins.
12. The method of claim 7 , wherein the one or more C 14 -C 22 n-paraffin fractions comprises a fraction comprising at least about 90 wt % n-tetradecane.
13. The method of claim 7 , wherein the one or more C 14 -C 22 n-paraffin fractions comprises a fraction comprising at least about 90 wt % n-hexadecane.
14. The method of claim 7 , wherein the one or more C 14 -C 22 n-paraffin fractions comprises a fraction comprising at least about 90 wt % n-octadecane.
15. The method of claim 7 , wherein the one or more C 14 -C 22 n-paraffin fractions comprises a fraction comprising at least about 90 wt % n-icosane.
16. The method of claim 7 , wherein the one or more C 14 -C 22 n-paraffin fractions comprises a fraction comprising at least about 90 wt % n-docosane.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method comprises fractionating the hydrotreated product to produce the composition and two or more C 14 -C 22 n-paraffin fractions, wherein each C 14 -C 22 n-paraffin fraction independently comprises at least about 90 wt % C 14 -C 22 n-paraffins.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the two or more C 14 -C 22 n-paraffin fractions comprise
a fraction comprising at least about 90 wt % n-tetradecane;
a fraction comprising at least about 90 wt % n-hexadecane; and
a fraction comprising at least about 90 wt % n-octadecane.
19. A method of producing a composition, the method comprising
contacting a feed stream comprising a biorenewable feedstock with a hydrotreatment catalyst in a fixed bed hydrotreatment reactor to produce a hydrotreated product; and
fractionating the hydrotreated product to produce the composition;
wherein
the biorenewable feedstock comprises at least one of palm kernel oil, coconut oil, babassu oil, microbial oil, or algal oil;
the fixed bed hydrotreatment reactor
is at a temperature less than about 750° F.; and
is at a pressure from about 200 psig to about 4,000 psig;
the composition comprises
at least 98 wt % C 7 -C 12 n-paraffins, wherein at least 10 wt % of composition comprises n-decane, at least 20 wt % of the composition comprises n-dodecane, at least 75 wt % of composition comprises even carbon number paraffins, and a weight ratio of C 12 paraffins to C 11 paraffins from 3.0:1 to 1.2:1;
less than 0.1 wt % oxygenates; and
less than 0.1 wt % aromatics; and
the feed stream further comprises a diluent and a volume ratio of diluent to biorenwable feedstock falls within the range from about 0.5:1 to about 20:1.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the liquid hourly space velocity of the biorenewable feedstock through the fixed bed hydrotreatment reactor is from about 0.2 hr −1 to about 10.0 hr −1 .
21. The method of claim 19 , wherein the biorenewable feedstock further comprises animal fats, animal oils, plant fats, plant oils, vegetable fats, vegetable oils, or greases.
22. The method of claim 19 , wherein the biorenewable feedstock further comprises one or more of animal fats, poultry oil, soybean oil, canola oil, carinata oil, rapeseed oils, palm oil, jatropha oil, castor oil, camelina oil, seaweed oil, halophile oils, rendered fats, restaurant greases, brown grease, yellow grease, waste industrial frying oils, fish oils, tall oil, and tall oil fatty acids.
23. The method of claim 19 , wherein the biorenewable feedstock further comprises one or more of carinata oil, animal fats, restaurant greases, brown grease, yellow grease, and waste industrial frying oils.
24. The method of claim 19 , wherein the method comprises fractionating the hydrotreated product to produce the composition and one or more C 14 -C 22 n-paraffin fractions comprising at least about 90 wt % C 14 -C 22 n-paraffins.
25. The method of claim 24 , wherein the one or more C 14 -C 22 n-paraffin fractions comprises a fraction comprising at least about 90 wt % C 14 -C 16 n-paraffins.
26. The method of claim 24 , wherein the one or more C 14 -C 22 n-paraffin fractions comprises a fraction comprising at least about 90 wt % C 14 -C 18 n-paraffins.
27. The method of claim 24 , wherein the one or more C 14 -C 22 n-paraffin fractions comprises a fraction comprising at least about 90 wt % C 16 -C 18 n-paraffins.
28. The method of claim 24 , wherein the one or more C 14 -C 22 n-paraffin fractions comprises a fraction comprising at least about 90 wt % C 18 -C 20 n-paraffins.
29. The method of claim 24 , wherein the one or more C 14 -C 22 n-paraffin fractions comprises a fraction comprising at least about 90 wt % n-tetradecane.
30. The method of claim 24 , wherein the one or more C 14 -C 22 n-paraffin fractions comprises a fraction comprising at least about 90 wt % n-hexadecane.
31. The method of claim 24 , wherein the one or more C 14 -C 22 n-paraffin fractions comprises a fraction comprising at least about 90 wt % n-octadecane.
32. The method of claim 24 , wherein the one or more C 14 -C 22 n-paraffin fractions comprises a fraction comprising at least about 90 wt % n-icosane.
33. The method of claim 24 , wherein the one or more C 14 -C 22 n-paraffin fractions comprises a fraction comprising at least about 90 wt % n-docosane.
34. The method of claim 19 , wherein the method comprises fractionating the hydrotreated product to produce the composition and two or more C 14 -C 22 n-paraffin fractions, wherein each C 14 -C 22 n-paraffin fraction independently comprises at least about 90 wt % C 14 -C 22 n-paraffins.
35. The method of claim 34 , wherein the two or more C 14 -C 22 n-paraffin fractions comprise
a fraction comprising at least about 90 wt % n-tetradecane;
a fraction comprising at least about 90 wt % n-hexadecane; and
a fraction comprising at least about 90 wt % n-octadecane.