Anodes for lithium-based energy storage devices
An anode for a lithium-based energy storage device such as a lithium-ion battery is disclosed. The anode includes an electrically conductive current collector comprising a metal oxide layer and a continuous porous lithium storage layer provided over the metal oxide layer. The continuous porous lithium storage layer includes at least 40 atomic % silicon, germanium or a combination thereof. A method of making the anode includes providing an electrically conductive current collector having an electrically conductive layer and a metal oxide layer provided over the electrically conductive layer. The metal oxide layer may have an average thickness of at least 0.05 μm. A continuous porous lithium storage layer is deposited over the metal oxide layer by PECVD.
1. An anode for an energy storage device comprising:
an electrically conductive current collector comprising a metal oxide layer; and
a continuous porous lithium storage layer overlaying the metal oxide layer, wherein the continuous porous lithium storage layer has a total content of silicon, germanium or a combination thereof of at least 40 atomic %.
2. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the continuous porous lithium storage layer includes less than 10 atomic % carbon.
3. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the continuous porous lithium storage layer is substantially free of nanostructures.
4. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the continuous porous lithium storage layer includes less than 5% by weight of carbon-based binders, graphitic carbon, graphene, graphene oxide, carbon black and conductive carbon, based on the total weight of the continuous porous lithium storage layer.
5. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the anode has a total reflectance of at least 10% measured at 550 nm at a top surface of the anode.
6. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the current collector further comprises an electrically conductive layer, and the metal oxide layer is interposed between the electrically conductive layer and the continuous porous lithium storage layer.
7. The anode of claim 6 , wherein the electrically conductive layer comprises stainless steel, titanium, nickel, or copper, or a combination thereof, and
wherein the metal oxide layer comprises an oxide of nickel, an oxide of copper, an oxide of titanium or a combination thereof.
8. The anode of claim 6 wherein the metal oxide layer comprises an oxide of nickel or an oxide of titanium.
9. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the metal oxide layer has an average thickness of at least 0.05 μm.
10. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the continuous porous lithium storage layer comprises amorphous silicon having an areal density of at least 0.2 mg/cm 2 and the total content of silicon is at least 40 atomic %.
11. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the continuous porous lithium storage layer has an average thickness from about 0.5 μm to about 25 μm.
12. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the continuous porous lithium storage layer has an average density from about 1.1 g/cm 3 to about 2.25 g/cm 3 and comprises at least 40 atomic % amorphous silicon.
13. A battery comprising the anode of claim 1 .
14. A method of making an anode for use in an energy storage device, the method comprising:
providing an electrically conductive current collector comprising an electrically conductive layer and a metal oxide layer overlaying over the electrically conductive layer, wherein the metal oxide layer has an average thickness of at least 0.1 μm; and
depositing a continuous porous lithium storage layer onto the metal oxide layer by PECVD, wherein the continuous porous lithium storage layer has a total content of silicon, germanium or a combination thereof of at least 40 atomic %.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein the electrically conductive layer comprises stainless steel, nickel, copper or titanium.
16. The method of claim 14 wherein the electrically conductive layer is a metal foil or a metal mesh.
17. The method of claim 14 wherein the electrically conductive layer comprises a first metal and the metal oxide layer comprises an oxide of the first metal.
18. The method of claim 14 wherein the electrically conductive layer comprises metallic nickel and the metal oxide layer comprises an oxide of nickel.
19. The method of claim 14 wherein providing an electrically conductive current collector includes oxidation of a metal foil, metal mesh or metal layer.
20. The method of claim 14 wherein providing an electrically conductive current collector includes deposition of the metal oxide onto a metal foil, metal mesh or metal layer, or dehydration of a metal hydroxide precursor layer.