Fabrication of piezoelectric transducer including integrated temperature sensor
A method of fabricating a piezoelectric transducer may include interleaving a plurality of layers of piezoelectric material with a plurality of conductive layers including a first conductive layer, one or more second conductive layers, and one or more third conductive layers, coupling the first conductive layer to a first electrode, wherein an electrical impedance of the first conductive layer varies as a function of a temperature internal to the piezoelectric transducer, and such that a measurement signal indicative of the electrical impedance is generated at the first electrode, coupling the one or more second conductive layers to a second electrode, and coupling the one or more third conductive layers to a third electrode, such that an electrical driving signal driven to the second electrode and the third electrode causes mechanical vibration of the piezoelectric transducer as a function of the electrical driving signal.
1. A method of fabricating a piezoelectric transducer, comprising:
interleaving a plurality of layers of piezoelectric material with a plurality of conductive layers including a first conductive layer, one or more second conductive layers, and one or more third conductive layers;
coupling the first conductive layer to a first electrode, wherein an electrical impedance of the first conductive layer varies as a function of a temperature internal to the piezoelectric transducer, and such that a measurement signal indicative of the electrical impedance is generated at the first electrode;
coupling the one or more second conductive layers to a second electrode; and
coupling the one or more third conductive layers to a third electrode, such that an electrical driving signal driven to the second electrode and the third electrode causes mechanical vibration of the piezoelectric transducer as a function of the electrical driving signal.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising coupling the first conductive layer to the second electrode, such that together the first electrode and the second electrode generate a differential measurement signal indicative of the electrical impedance.
3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising coupling the first conductive layer to a fourth electrode, such that together the first electrode and the fourth electrode generate a differential measurement signal indicative of the electrical impedance, and such that the first conductive layer is electrically isolated from the one or more second conductive layers and the one or more third conductive layers.
4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising patterning the first conductive layer such that the first conductive layer has a significantly higher electrical impedance than each of the conductive layers of the one or more second conductive layers and the one or more third conductive layers.
5. A piezoelectric transducer, comprising:
an interleaved plurality of layers of piezoelectric material with a plurality of conductive layers including a first conductive layer, one or more second conductive layers, and one or more third conductive layers;
a first electrode coupled to the first conductive layer, wherein an electrical impedance of the first conductive layer varies as a function of a temperature internal to the piezoelectric transducer, and such that a measurement signal indicative of the electrical impedance is generated at the first electrode;
a second electrode coupled to the one or more second conductive layers; and
a third electrode coupled to the one or more third conductive layers, such that an electrical driving signal driven to the second electrode and the third electrode causes mechanical vibration of the piezoelectric transducer as a function of the electrical driving signal.
6. The piezoelectric transducer of claim 5 , wherein the first conductive layer is further coupled to the second electrode, such that together the first electrode and the second electrode generate a differential measurement signal indicative of the electrical impedance.
7. The piezoelectric transducer of claim 5 , further comprising a fourth electrode coupled to the first conductive layer, such that together the first electrode and the fourth electrode generate a differential measurement signal indicative of the electrical impedance, and such that the first conductive layer is electrically isolated from the one or more second conductive layers and the one or more third conductive layers.
8. The piezoelectric transducer of claim 5 , wherein the first conductive layer is patterned such that the first conductive layer has a significantly higher electrical impedance than each of the conductive layers of the one or more second conductive layers and the one or more third conductive layers.