Active material, electrode, secondary battery, battery pack, and vehicle
According to one embodiment, an active material is provided. The active material includes a first phase including a niobium-titanium composite oxide, and a second phase adjacent to the first phase and including an orthorhombic niobium oxide. The active material is a particle in which a second (010) plane of the orthorhombic niobium oxide is in contact with a first (010) plane of the niobium-titanium composite oxide in at least a part of a contact interface between the first phase and the second phase.
1. An active material comprising:
a first phase, the first phase comprising a niobium-titanium composite oxide; and
a second phase adjacent to the first phase, the second phase comprising an orthorhombic niobium oxide,
the active material being a particle in which a second (010) plane of the orthorhombic niobium oxide is in contact with a first (010) plane of the niobium-titanium composite oxide in at least a part of a contact interface between the first phase and the second phase.
2. The active material according to claim 1 , wherein the niobium-titanium composite oxide is represented by a general formula Li x Ti 1−y M1 y Nb 2−z M2 z O 7 , where in the general formula, 0≤x≤5, 0≤y<1, 0≤z<1, and M1 and M2 are each independently at least one selected from the group consisting of V, Ta, Fe, Bi, P, Cr, Mo, W, B, K, Na, Mg, Al, and Si.
3. The active material according to claim 1 , wherein the active material is a composite particle comprising:
a core portion, the core portion comprising the first phase; and
a shell portion on a surface of the core portion, the shell portion comprising the second phase.
4. The active material according to claim 1 , wherein 25% or more of the first (010) plane in the contact interface is in contact with the second (010) plane.
5. The active material according to claim 1 , wherein a crystal of the niobium-titanium composite oxide has growth in a [001] direction.
6. An electrode comprising the active material according to claim 1 .
7. The electrode according to claim 6 , wherein the electrode comprises an active material-containing layer comprising the active material.
8. A secondary battery comprising:
a negative electrode;
a positive electrode; and
an electrolyte,
wherein the negative electrode is the electrode according to claim 6 .
9. A battery pack comprising the secondary battery according to claim 8 .
10. The battery pack according to claim 9 , further comprising:
an external power distribution terminal; and
a protective circuit.
11. The battery pack according to claim 9 , comprising
plural of the secondary battery, wherein the secondary batteries are electrically connected in series, in parallel, or in a combination of in series and in parallel.
12. A vehicle comprising the battery pack according to claim 9 .
13. The vehicle according to claim 12 , wherein the vehicle comprises a mechanism configured to convert kinetic energy of the vehicle into regenerative energy.