Radiation treatment based on dose rate

1. A radiation treatment system, comprising:

a beam system that generates a beam;

a nozzle coupled to the beam system and that directs the beam to a target volume; and

a control system coupled to the beam system and to the nozzle, the control system comprising a computer system comprising a processor and a memory coupled to the processor;

wherein the memory stores a radiation treatment plan comprising a dose rate-volume histogram for the target volume, wherein the dose rate-volume histogram indicates a percentage of the target volume that receives a respective dose rate; and

wherein the beam system and the nozzle are controlled by the control system according to the radiation treatment plan.

2. The radiation treatment system of claim 1 , wherein the target volume comprises a plurality of sub-volumes, wherein the radiation treatment plan further comprises a dose rate-volume histogram for each sub-volume of the sub-volumes.

3. The radiation treatment system of claim 1 , wherein the radiation treatment plan further comprises a number of irradiations of the target volume, a duration of each of the irradiations, and a dose deposited in each of the irradiations.

4. The radiation treatment system of claim 3 , wherein the radiation treatment plan further comprises a period of time during which the irradiations are applied, and an interval of time between each period of irradiations.

5. The radiation treatment system of claim 1 , wherein the radiation treatment plan further comprises directions of the beam relative to the target volume, and a beam energy for the beam.

6. The radiation treatment system of claim 1 , wherein the beam comprises a type of beam selected from the group consisting of: proton; electron; photon; atom nuclei; and ion.

7. The radiation treatment system of claim 1 , wherein the radiation treatment plan further comprises isolines of dose rates relative to the target volume based on the dose rate-volume histogram.

8. The radiation treatment system of claim 1 , wherein the radiation treatment plan further comprises an irradiation time-volume histogram for the target volume, wherein the irradiation time-volume histogram indicates a percentage of the target volume that is irradiated for a respective length of time.

9. A method of using a radiation treatment system, the method comprising:

generating a beam with a beam system;

directing the beam at a target volume with a nozzle coupled to the beam system; and

controlling the beam with a control system comprising a computer system comprising a processor and a memory coupled to the processor, wherein said controlling is according to a radiation treatment plan stored in the memory, wherein the radiation treatment plan comprises a dose rate-volume histogram for the target volume, and wherein the dose rate-volume histogram indicates a percentage of the target volume that receives a respective dose rate.

10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the target volume comprises a plurality of sub-volumes, wherein the radiation treatment plan further comprises a dose rate-volume histogram for each sub-volume of the sub-volumes.

11. The method of claim 9 , wherein the radiation treatment plan further comprises a number of irradiations of the target volume, a duration of each of the irradiations, and a dose deposited in each of the irradiations, a period of time during which the irradiations are applied, an interval of time between each period of irradiations, directions of the beam relative to the target volume, and a beam energy for the beam.

12. The method of claim 9 , wherein the beam comprises a type of beam selected from the group consisting of: proton; electron; photon; atom nuclei; and ion.

13. The method of claim 9 , wherein the radiation treatment plan further comprises isolines of dose rates relative to the target volume based on the dose rate-volume histogram.

14. The method of claim 9 , wherein the radiation treatment plan further comprises an irradiation time-volume histogram for the target volume, wherein the irradiation time-volume histogram indicates a percentage of the target volume that is irradiated for a respective length of time.

15. A method of using a radiation treatment system, the method comprising:

generating a beam with a beam system;

directing the beam at a target volume with a nozzle coupled to the beam system, wherein the target volume comprises a plurality of sub-volumes;

monitoring, with a control system coupled to the beam system, values of parameters, the values comprising a number of irradiations of each sub-volume of the plurality of sub-volumes, a duration of each of the irradiations for said each sub-volume, and a dose deposited in said each sub-volume, that result from said directing;

determining a dose rate for said each sub-volume using the values of the parameters; and

determining a dose rate-volume histogram for the target volume using the dose rate for said each sub-volume, wherein the dose rate-volume histogram indicates a percentage of the target volume that receives a respective dose rate.

16. The method of claim 15 , further comprising determining a dose rate-volume histogram for said each sub-volume.

17. The method of claim 15 , wherein the values of the parameters further comprise a period of time during which the irradiations are applied, an interval of time between each period of irradiations, directions of the beam relative to the target volume, and a beam energy for the beam.

18. The method of claim 15 , wherein the beam comprises a type of beam selected from the group consisting of: proton; electron; photon; atom nuclei; and ion.

19. The method of claim 15 , further comprising determining isolines of dose rates relative to the target volume based on the dose rate-volume histogram.

20. The method of claim 15 , further comprising determining an irradiation time-volume histogram for the target volume, wherein the irradiation time-volume histogram indicates a percentage of the target volume that is irradiated for a respective length of time.