Miniature slow-wave transmission line with asymmetrical ground and associated phase shifter systems
Miniature slow-wave transmission lines are described having an asymmetrical ground configuration. In some embodiments, the asymmetrical ground configuration facilitates a reduction in size. Non-uniform auxiliary conductors may be disposed above or below the co-planar waveguide to facilitate a reduction in the length of the miniature slow-wave transmission lines. Phase shifters may be implemented having a reduced size by including one or more miniature slow-wave transmission lines.
1. A miniature slow-wave transmission line, comprising:
a substrate;
a signal conductor fabricated on a first layer of the substrate;
first and second ground conductors fabricated on the first layer, disposed on opposite sides of the signal conductor and being asymmetrical about the signal conductor, wherein the first ground conductor is narrower than the second ground conductor in a first direction substantially perpendicular to a direction of elongation of the signal conductor, and wherein, at a first point along the direction of elongation of the signal conductor, the signal conductor is the only signal conductor disposed between the first and second ground conductors in the first direction; and
a plurality of auxiliary conductors fabricated on a second layer of the substrate, capacitively coupled to the signal conductor and conductively coupled to the first and second ground conductors.
2. The miniature slow-wave transmission line of claim 1 , wherein a first auxiliary conductor of the plurality of auxiliary conductors comprises a first section underlying or overlying the signal conductor and second and third sections on corresponding sides of the first section, the first section having a width at least 20% greater than widths of the second and third sections.
3. The miniature slow-wave transmission line of claim 1 , wherein a first auxiliary conductor of the plurality of auxiliary conductors has a length crossing the direction of elongation of the signal conductor, and further has a width varying by at least 20% at different points along the length.
4. The miniature slow-wave transmission line of claim 3 , wherein the first auxiliary conductor of the plurality of auxiliary conductors comprises a first section underlying or overlying the signal conductor and second and third sections on corresponding sides of the first section, the first section having a width at least 20% less than widths of the second and third sections.
5. The miniature slow-wave transmission line of claim 3 , wherein the first ground conductor is at least 50% narrower than the second ground conductor in the first direction.
6. The miniature slow-wave transmission line of claim 5 , wherein the first ground conductor is at least 75% narrower than the second ground conductor in the first direction.
7. The miniature slow-wave transmission line of claim 3 , wherein the first ground conductor comprises a plurality of conductive strips extending towards the signal conductor, a first conductive strip of the plurality of conductive strips having a first section proximate the signal conductor and a second section distal the signal conductor, the first section being wider than the second section in the direction of elongation of the signal conductor.
8. The miniature slow-wave transmission line of claim 3 , further comprising a second plurality of auxiliary conductors fabricated on a third layer of the substrate, capacitively coupled to the signal conductor and conductively coupled to the first and second ground conductors, the second plurality of auxiliary conductors comprising:
a first auxiliary conductor having a length crossing the direction of elongation of the signal conductor, and comprising a first section underlying or overlying the signal conductor and second and third sections on corresponding sides of the first section, the first section having a width either less than or greater than widths of the second and third sections by at least 20%.
9. A phase shifter, comprising:
a substrate;
a variable delay signal path between an input and an output of the phase shifter comprising a plurality of slow-wave transmission lines switchable into and out of the variable delay signal path, a first slow-wave transmission line of the plurality of slow-wave transmission lines comprising:
a signal conductor on a first layer of the substrate;
first and second ground conductors on the first layer, disposed on opposite sides of the signal conductor and being asymmetrical about the signal conductor, wherein the first ground conductor is narrower than the second ground conductor in a first direction substantially perpendicular to a direction of elongation of the signal conductor, and wherein, at a first point along the direction of elongation of the signal conductor, the signal conductor is the only signal conductor disposed between the first and second ground conductors in the first direction; and
a plurality of auxiliary conductors on a second layer of the substrate, capacitively coupled to the signal conductor and conductively coupled to the first and second ground conductors.
10. The phase shifter of claim 9 , wherein a first auxiliary conductor of the plurality of auxiliary conductors has a length crossing the direction of elongation of the signal conductor, and comprises a first section underlying or overlying the signal conductor, and second and third sections on corresponding sides of the first section, the first section having a width either less than or greater than widths of the second and third sections by at least 20%.
11. The phase shifter of claim 10 , wherein the plurality of slow-wave transmission lines switching into and out of the variable delay signal path is controlled by a state of one or more metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs).
12. The phase shifter of claim 10 , wherein the variable delay signal path is configured such that when the first slow-wave transmission line is switched into the variable delay signal path, a second slow-wave transmission line of the plurality of slow-wave transmission lines is switched out of the variable delay signal path.
13. The phase shifter of claim 12 , wherein the first slow-wave transmission line is configured to provide a delay different from the second slow-wave transmission line.
14. The phase shifter of claim 9 , wherein the first ground conductor is at least 50% narrower than the second ground conductor in the first direction.
15. The phase shifter of claim 9 , wherein a second slow-wave transmission line of the plurality of slow-wave transmission lines is switchable into and out of being cascaded in series with the first slow-wave transmission line.
16. A system, comprising:
a phase shifter, comprising:
a substrate;
a variable delay signal path between an input and an output of the phase shifter comprising a plurality of slow-wave transmission lines switchable into and out of the variable delay signal path, the plurality of slow-wave transmission lines including a first slow-wave transmission line and a second slow-wave transmission line, the first slow-wave transmission line comprising:
a signal conductor on a first layer of the substrate;
first and second ground conductors on the first layer, disposed on opposite sides of the signal conductor and being asymmetrical about the signal conductor;
a plurality of auxiliary conductors on a second layer of the substrate, capacitively coupled to the signal conductor and conductively coupled to the first and second ground conductors; and
a controller comprising one or more components configured to transmit logic signals to a plurality of switches to control the plurality of slow-wave transmission lines switching into and out of the variable delay signal path,
wherein the second slow-wave transmission line is switchable into and out of being cascaded in series with the first slow-wave transmission line.
17. The system of claim 16 , wherein the variable delay signal path is configured such that when the first slow-wave transmission line is switched into the variable delay signal path, a third slow-wave transmission line of the plurality of slow-wave transmission lines is switched out of the variable delay signal path.
18. The system of claim 17 , wherein the first slow-wave transmission line is configured to provide a delay different from the third slow-wave transmission line.
19. The system of claim 16 , wherein a first auxiliary conductor of the plurality of auxiliary conductors has a length crossing a direction of elongation of the signal conductor, and comprises a first section underlying or overlying the signal conductor, and second and third sections on corresponding sides of the first section, the first section having a width either greater than or less than widths of the second and third sections by at least 20% at different points along the length.
20. The system of claim 16 , wherein the first ground conductor is at least 50% narrower than the second ground conductor in a direction substantially perpendicular to a direction of elongation of the signal conductor.