Electrode, secondary battery, battery pack, and vehicle
According to one embodiment, an electrode is provided. The electrode includes an active material-containing layer. The active material-containing layer includes an active material and a conductive agent. The active material contains primary particles of a niobium-titanium composite oxide. The conductive agent contains fibrous carbon. The primary particles have an average particle size of 0.3 μm or more and 2 μm or less. At least a part of a surface of the primary particles is coated with the fibrous carbon. A covering ratio of the primary particles by the fibrous carbon is 0.01% or more and 40% or less.
1. A secondary battery comprising:
a negative electrode;
a positive electrode; and
a non-aqueous electrolyte,
wherein the negative electrode comprises an active material-containing layer, which includes: an active material containing primary particles of a niobium-titanium composite oxide; a first conductive agent containing fibrous carbon; and second conductive agent containing granular carbon,
wherein the niobium-titanium composite oxide has a monoclinic crystal structure and is represented by a formula (I);
Li a Ti 1-x M1 x Nb 2-y M2 y O 7-δ (I)
where 0≤a<5, 0≤x<1, 0≤y<1, and −0.3≤δ≤0.3, each of the element M1 and the element M2 is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Fe, Ni, W, Ta, and Mo, and the element M1 and the element M2 may be the same or different from each other,
wherein the primary particles have an average particle size of 0.3 μm or more and 2 μm or less, and
at least a part of a surface of the primary particles is coated with the fibrous carbon, and a covering ratio of the primary particles by the fibrous carbon is 0.1% or more and 40% or less.
2. The secondary battery according to claim 1 , wherein the average particle size of the primary particles is obtained by a scanning electron microscopic image of a section of the active material-containing layer at a magnification of 10000, and the covering ratio is obtained by a scanning electron microscopic image of a section of the active material-containing layer at a magnification of 50000.
3. The secondary battery according to claim 1 , wherein an average distance between the primary particles in the active material-containing layer is greater than 0 and 100 nm or less.
4. The secondary battery according to claim 1 , wherein the fibrous carbon has a fiber diameter in a range of 1 nm or more and 50 nm or less.
5. The secondary battery according to claim 1 , wherein the granular carbon has an average particle size in a range of 10 nm or more and 300 nm or less.
6. The secondary battery according to claim 1 , wherein the active material-containing layer further includes a first binder and a second binder,
the first binder contains at least one compound selected from the group consisting of carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxyethyl methylcellulose, and polyvinyl pyrrolidone, and
the second binder contains at least one compound selected from the group consisting of styrene-butadiene rubber, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyimide, polyamide imide, polyacrylic acid, and polyacrylonitrile.
7. A battery pack comprising the secondary battery according to claim 1 .
8. The battery pack according to claim 7 , further comprising an external power distribution terminal and a protective circuit.
9. The battery pack according to claim 7 , which includes plural of the secondary battery and the plural of the secondary battery are electrically connected in series, in parallel, or in combination of series and parallel.
10. A vehicle comprising the battery pack according to claim 7 .
11. The vehicle according to claim 10 , which comprises a mechanism configured to convert kinetic energy of the vehicle into regenerative energy.
12. The secondary battery according to claim 1 , wherein the nonaqueous electrolyte comprises an organic solvent.
13. The secondary battery according to claim 1 , wherein the granular carbon has an average particle size in a range of 50 nm or more and 300 nm or less.
14. The secondary battery according to claim 1 , wherein the granular carbon has an average particle size in a range of 50 nm or more and 200 nm or less.
15. The secondary battery according to claim 1 , wherein, in the niobium-titanium composite oxide represented by the formula (I), x is greater than 0.
16. The secondary battery according to claim 1 , wherein an average distance between the primary particles in the active material-containing layer is in a range of 35 nm or more to 120 nm or less.
17. The secondary battery according to claim 1 , wherein the average particle size of the primary particles is in a range of 0.4 μm or more and 1.3 μm or less.
18. The secondary battery according to claim 1 , wherein the covering ratio is in a range of 1% or more and 30% or less.
19. The secondary battery according to claim 1 , wherein the average particle size of the primary particles is in a range of 0.5 μm or more and 0.9 μm or less, and
wherein the covering ratio is in a range of 5% or more and 20% or less.
20. The secondary battery according to claim 6 , wherein the fibrous carbon is carried on a surface of the primary particles,
wherein the granular carbon is arranged on the surface of the primary particles carrying the fibrous carbon, and
wherein at least a part of the surface of the primary particles which is not coated with the fibrous carbon and the granular carbon is coated with the first binder.