Stable undercooled metallic particles for engineering at ambient conditions
Undercooled liquid metallic core-shell particles, whose core is stable against solidification at ambient conditions, i.e. under near ambient temperature and pressure conditions, are used to join or repair metallic non-particulate components. The undercooled-shell particles in the form of nano-size or micro-size particles comprise an undercooled stable liquid metallic core encapsulated inside an outer shell, which can comprise an oxide or other stabilizer shell typically formed in-situ on the undercooled liquid metallic core. The shell is ruptured to release the liquid phase core material to join or repair a component(s).
1. A liquid metallic core-shell particle comprising:
an undercooled liquid metallic core comprising a metal or alloy, the undercooled liquid metallic core having a melting point in the range of 62° C. to 250° C.; and
an outer shell on the undercooled liquid metallic core, the outer shell comprising an inorganic or organic adlayer, wherein the inorganic or organic adlayer comprises acetate, phosphate, or a combination thereof;
wherein the undercooled liquid metallic core is a liquid when the liquid metallic core-shell particle has a temperature equal to room temperature.
2. The particle of claim 1 , wherein the liquid undercooled metallic core has a melting point in the range of 62° C. to 221° C.
3. The particle of claim 1 , wherein the particle is spherical and has a diameter of 4 nm to 900 microns.
4. The particle of claim 1 , wherein the liquid metallic core comprises a solder alloy.
5. The particle of claim 1 , wherein the alloy is selected from the group consisting of an alloy comprising In, an alloy comprising Ga, an alloy comprising Pb, an alloy comprising Bi, an alloy comprising Sn, an alloy comprising Ag, and an alloy comprising Au.
6. The particle of claim 1 , wherein the metal or alloy comprises at least one of gold and silver.
7. The particle of claim 1 , wherein the undercooled liquid metallic core material comprises a Bi-based solder.
8. The particle of claim 1 , wherein the undercooled liquid metallic core material comprises a Sn-based solder.
9. The particle of claim 1 , wherein the undercooled liquid metallic core metal comprises Field's metal, wherein the Field's metal is about 32.5 wt % Bi, about 51.0 wt % In, and about 16.5 wt % Sn.
10. The particle of claim 1 , wherein the undercooled liquid metallic core is stabilized against solidification in its undercooled state by the inorganic or organic adlayer.
11. The particle of claim 1 , wherein the inorganic or organic adlayer comprises acetate.
12. The particle of claim 1 , wherein the outer shell comprises an oxide.
13. The particle of claim 1 , wherein the outer shell comprises a stabilizer shell, wherein the metallic core is on an on inside surface of the stabilizer shell, wherein the inorganic or organic adlayer is on an outside surface of the stabilizer shell.
14. The particle of claim 13 , wherein the stabilizer shell comprises a self-passivating oxide layer.
15. The particle of claim 1 , wherein the outer shell of the particle is rupturable by machining, by applying a mechanical stress, or by chemical etching using an etching reagent.
16. The particle of claim 1 , wherein rupturing the outer shell of the particle at room temperature releases the undercooled liquid metallic core material and solidifies the released undercooled liquid metallic core material at room temperature.
17. The particle of claim 1 , wherein the particle is located:
between components to be joined upon breakage of the outer shell of the particle, the components independently comprising a metallic material, a non-metallic material, or a combination thereof,
in a surface defect for repair of the surface defect upon breakage of the outer shell of the particle,
in a material to be formed into a composite material upon breakage of the outer shell of the particle, or
in a self-repairing material for repair of the self-repairing material upon mechanical failure of the self-repairing material to break the outer shell of the particle.