Electrophoretic device
The present invention is in the field of an electrophoretic device for switching between a transparent and non-transparent mode, the device having pixels, the pixels comprising a fluid and colored particles, and comprising various further elements, as well as uses thereof, in particular as a window blind and for signage.
1. An electrophoretic pixel comprising:
a fluid comprising nanoparticles provided inside of the pixel,
a first electrode, wherein the first electrode is a field electrode,
a first transparent substrate, wherein the first electrode is provided on an inner side of the first substrate,
a protective layer covering the first electrode,
a second substrate opposite of the first substrate, wherein the first substrate and the second substrate enclose the pixel,
a second electrode, wherein the second electrode is an accumulation electrode, wherein the second electrode is provided on the second substrate, wherein the second electrode comprises conductive elements covering 2.5-20% of a surface area of the second substrate,
the nanoparticles comprising a coating a pigment, and further comprising a core,
wherein the nanoparticles are adapted to be provided with a charge,
a connection for a driver circuit for applying an electro-magnetic field between the first electrode and the second electrode,
wherein in use the applied electro-magnetic field between the first electrode and the second electrode by the driver circuit provides movement of the nanoparticles from the first electrode to the second electrode and vice versa,
wherein the first electrode is not patterned,
wherein a size of the nanoparticles is from 20-100 nm, and
wherein a distance between the first and second substrate is smaller than 20 μm,
wherein a charge on the nanoparticles is 0.1e to 10e per particle (5*10 −7 -0.1 C/m 2 ), and
wherein the coating of the nanoparticles is made from a material selected from conducting and semi-conducting materials, and
wherein the dynamic viscosity of the fluid is 0.1 Pa*s or less, and
wherein a distance (d) between the protective layer and second electrode is from 2-10 μm,
wherein the fluid is present in an amount of 1-100 gr/m 2 , and
wherein the pigments are present in an amount of 0.02-30 gr/m 2 .
2. The pixel according to claim 1 , wherein the conductive elements are for storing the nanoparticles.
3. The pixel according to claim 1 , comprising a hexagonal shape, wherein the second electrode comprises two or more electrical connection junctions configured for arranging the pixel in a honeycomb structure.
4. The pixel according to claim 1 , wherein the first and/or second electrode is/are a spray-coated electrode.
5. The pixel according to claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticles have a colour selected from the group consisting of cyan, magenta, yellow, black and white.
6. The pixel according to claim 1 , further comprising a reflector for reflecting light that has passed through at least the first transparent substrate and the liquid, wherein the reflector is formed by at least one metal layer.
7. The pixel according to claim 1 , further comprising an active matrix arranged on the second substrate on a side facing the liquid, wherein the active matrix comprises for each pixel,
at least two metal layers; and
a dielectric layer.
8. The pixel according to claim 7 , further comprising a storage capacitor formed using the at least two metal layers and the dielectric layer.
9. The pixel according to claim 1 , wherein the pixel further comprises a scattering element configured to diffusively scatter light reflected by the reflector.
10. The pixel according to claim 1 , wherein one or more of:
the fluid comprises one or more of a surfactant, an emulsifier, a polar compound, and a compound capable of forming a hydrogen bond,
the fluid has a relative permittivity ε r of less than 10, and a viscosity of less than 0.1 Pa*s, the fluid is present in an amount of 1-10 gr/m 2 ,
the coloured particles are present in an amount of 0.02-3 gr/m 2 , and
the coloured particles are smaller than 300 nm, preferably smaller than 200 nm.
11. The pixel according to claim 1 , wherein the pixel comprises pixel walls.
12. A device comprising one or more pixels according to claim 1 , comprising:
a driver circuit, wherein the driver circuit comprises a means for providing a time varying electro-magnetic field between at least one field electrode and at least one storage electrode, such as a wave form varying electro-magnetic field,
wherein the driver circuit comprises a switch for providing a static electro-magnetic field or charge to one or more of the electrodes.
13. A product comprising an electronic device according to claim 12 , wherein the product is selected from the group consisting of a window blind, a signage system, an e-reader, an outdoor display, an electronic label, a secondary screen, a smart glass, a colour panel, a screen.
14. A method of operating an electrophoretic pixel, the method comprising at least one of:
providing an electrophoretic pixel comprising:
a fluid comprising nanoparticles provided inside of the pixel,
a first electrode, wherein the first electrode is a field electrode,
a first transparent substrate, wherein the first electrode is provided on an inner side of the first substrate,
a protective layer covering the first electrode,
a second substrate opposite of the first substrate, wherein the first substrate and the second substrate enclose the pixel,
a second electrode, wherein the second electrode is an accumulation electrode, wherein the second electrode is provided on the second substrate, wherein the second electrode comprises conductive elements covering 2.5-20% of a surface area of the second substrate,
the nanoparticles comprising a coating a pigment, and further comprising a core,
wherein the nanoparticles are adapted to be provided with a charge,
a connection for a driver circuit for applying an electro-magnetic field between the first electrode and the second electrode,
wherein in use the applied electro-magnetic field between the first electrode and the second electrode by the driver circuit provides movement of the nanoparticles from the first electrode to the second electrode and vice versa,
wherein the first electrode is not patterned,
wherein a size of the nanoparticles is from 20-100 nm, and
wherein a distance between the first and second substrate is smaller than 20 μm,
wherein a charge on the nanoparticles is 0.1e to 10e per particle (5*10 −7 -0.1 C/m 2 ), and
wherein the coating of the nanoparticles is made from a material selected from conducting and semi-conducting materials, and
wherein the dynamic viscosity of the fluid is 0.1 Pa*s or less, and
wherein a distance (d) between the protective layer and second electrode is from 2-10 μm,
wherein the fluid is present in an amount of 1-100 gr/m 2 , and
wherein the pigments are present in an amount of 0.02-30 gr/m 2 , applying an electrical field,
moving nanoparticles from a storage electrode to a field electrode in a vertical direction,
spreading out the nanoparticles over the field electrode,
releasing the electrical field,
applying a reverse electrical field,
moving nanoparticles spread out over the field electrode towards the storage electrode, and
collecting said nanoparticles on the storage electrode.