Subsea buoyancy systems
A method of providing buoyancy to a subsea structure such as a pipeline bundle includes attaching to the structure a rigid elongate buoyancy tube that defines a floodable envelope. The envelope is arranged to contain a mass of buoyant macrospheres. Multiple openings penetrate a tubular wall of the buoyancy tube, in fluid communication with a void that extends between the macrospheres inside the tube. The void floods via the openings when the buoyancy tube is submerged, whereupon the macrospheres apply buoyant upthrust to the surrounding buoyancy tube and hence to the subsea structure to which the tube is rigidly attached.
1. A buoyant element, comprising a rigid elongate buoyancy tube defining a floodable envelope that holds a mass of buoyant macrospheres within, the buoyancy tube having a void that extends between and around the mass of macrospheres inside the buoyancy tube and having multiple openings that penetrate a tubular wall of the buoyancy tube and are in fluid communication with the void, wherein each opening has a diameter that is smaller than the diameter of the macrospheres so as to retain the macrospheres in the buoyancy tube, and wherein the void is flooded with water.
2. The buoyant element of claim 1 , wherein the macrospheres are wider than the or each opening of the buoyancy tube.
3. The buoyant element of claim 1 , further comprising connection structures or fixings for attaching the buoyancy tube to a subsea structure.
4. The buoyant element of claim 1 , wherein the buoyancy tube is of polymer or polymer composite material.
5. The buoyant element of claim 1 , wherein the buoyancy tube is foraminous along its length.
6. The buoyant element of claim 1 , wherein the buoyancy tube has one or more closed ends.
7. The buoyant element of claim 6 , wherein one or more of the closed ends is defined by a movable or removable closure affording access to the interior of the buoyancy tube for loading or removing the macrospheres.
8. The buoyant element of claim 1 , wherein the or each opening is no larger than 10 mm in diameter.
9. The buoyant element of claim 1 , wherein the macrospheres are between 15 mm and 35 mm in diameter.
10. In combination, a subsea structure and a buoyant element as defined in claim 1 , attached to the subsea structure.
11. The combination of claim 10 , wherein the subsea structure is elongate and the buoyancy tube extends along and substantially parallel to the subsea structure.
12. The combination of claim 11 , wherein the subsea structure is a pipeline bundle.
13. The combination of claim 12 , wherein the buoyancy tube is attached externally to the pipeline bundle.
14. The combination of claim 12 , wherein the buoyancy tube is located within an external carrier pipe of the pipeline bundle.
15. The combination of claim 12 , wherein the buoyancy tube is secured to transversely extending, longitudinally spaced guide frames of the pipeline bundle.
16. A buoyant element, comprising a rigid elongate buoyancy tube defining a floodable envelope that holds a mass of buoyant macrospheres within and has at least one opening in fluid communication with a void that extends between the macrospheres, wherein the macrospheres are contained in the buoyancy tube within one or more floodable auxiliary containers, the or each floodable auxiliary container being a foraminous bag defining holes that are smaller than the macrospheres contained within.
17. The buoyant element of claim 16 , wherein auxiliary containers within the buoyancy tube are linked in longitudinal series.
18. A method of providing buoyancy to a subsea structure, the method comprising:
attaching to the structure a rigid elongate buoyancy tube defining a floodable envelope containing a mass of buoyant macrospheres; and
immersing the buoyancy tube containing the mass of buoyant macrospheres while flooding a void through multiple openings that penetrate a tubular wall of the buoyancy tube, which void extends between and surrounds the mass of macrospheres within the buoyancy tube.
19. The method of claim 18 , comprising placing the mass of macrospheres into the buoyancy tube after attaching the buoyancy tube to the structure.
20. The method of claim 18 , comprising placing the mass of macrospheres into the buoyancy tube through at least one open end of the buoyancy tube, and then closing the or each open end.
21. The method of claim 19 , comprising placing the mass of macrospheres into the buoyancy tube in discrete, individually contained portions.
22. The method of claim 18 , comprising subsequently detaching the buoyancy tube from the subsea structure.
23. The method of claim 18 , comprising subsequently removing at least some of the mass of macrospheres from the buoyancy tube while the buoyancy tube remains attached to the subsea structure.
24. The method of claim 23 , comprising removing macrospheres from the buoyancy tube while the macrospheres are contained in a bag or other auxiliary container.
25. The method of claim 23 , comprising removing one more discrete portions of the mass of macrospheres from the buoyancy tube while leaving one or more other discrete portions of that mass in the buoyancy tube.
26. The method of claim 18 , comprising subsequently destroying at least some of the mass of macrospheres while the macrospheres are in the buoyancy tube and the buoyancy tube remains attached to the subsea structure.