Galvanic metal-water cell with nickel-molybdenum cathode
Galvanic metal-water cells and methods of manufacturing positive electrodes to be used in said galvanic metal-water cells. The galvanic metal-water cells in accordance with various embodiments include a cathode that includes a layer comprising nickel-molybdenum deposited thereon. The nickel-molybdenum coated cathodes exhibit favorable hydrogen evolution reaction overpotential compared with existing devices. In these galvanic metal-water cells, the metal is oxidized and water is reduced.
1. A galvanic metal-water cell, the galvanic-metal water cell comprising:
an anode;
a cathode, wherein:
the cathode is a substrate having pores with a diameter under 500 microns;
the cathode comprises nickel, and
the cathode has a nickel-molybdenum coating.
2. The metal-water cell of claim 1 , further comprising a water-based electrolyte.
3. The metal-water cell of claim 2 wherein the water-based electrolyte is selected from the group consisting of a seawater-based electrolyte, a fresh water-based electrolyte, and a brackish water-based electrolyte.
4. The metal-water cell of claim 1 wherein the pores have a diameter of under 426 microns.
5. The metal-water cell of claim 1 wherein the cathode comprises at least two layers of the porous substrate comprising nickel.
6. The metal-water cell of claim 1 further comprising an electrolyte containing a salt with the hydroxide anion.
7. The metal-water cell of claim 1 wherein the anode is a metal anode that undergoes oxidation and water is reduced at the cathode.
8. The metal-water cell of claim 7 wherein the metal of the anode is selected from the group consisting of lithium, aluminum, and magnesium.
9. A method of manufacturing a positive electrode for a galvanic metal-water cell, the method comprising:
providing an electrodeposition solution;
placing a substrate having pores with a diameter under 500 microns in the electrodeposition solution, the substrate comprising nickel; and
depositing a layer comprising nickel-molybdenum on the substrate to provide a nickel-molybdenum coated positive electrode for a galvanic metal-water cell.
10. The method of claim 9 further comprising providing a sacrificial material on the porous substrate.
11. The method of claim 10 wherein the sacrificial material is selected from the group consisting of zinc, copper, nickel, and aluminum.
12. The method of claim 10 , wherein the sacrificial material is co-deposited on the porous substrate with the nickel-molybdenum layer.
13. The method of claim 12 , further comprising leaching the sacrificial material by at least one of corrosion and an applied potential.
14. The method of claim 10 , wherein depositing the layer comprising nickel-molybdenum includes electrodepositing the nickel-molybdenum layer on the porous substrate after the sacrificial material is at least partially removed.
15. The method of claim 9 further comprising annealing the nickel-molybdenum coated positive electrode at a temperature up to 1,200 degrees Celsius in a controlled gas atmosphere.
16. The method of claim 9 wherein the electrodeposition solution is an aqueous solution that includes a nickel salt, a molybdenum salt, a complexing agent, and additional salts selected from the group consisting of sodium chloride, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, ammonium hydroxide, and sodium hydroxide.
17. The method of claim 16 wherein the complexing agent is selected from the group consisting of potassium pyrophosphate, potassium citrate, and ammonium chloride.
18. The method of claim 16 , wherein the molybdenum salt is sodium molybdate.
19. The method of claim 9 wherein the nickel-molybdenum layer is deposited on the porous substrate using electrodeposition with a variable current density in the range of 5 and 800 mA per cm{circumflex over ( )}2.
20. The method of claim 9 , wherein depositing the nickel-molybdenum layer comprises electrodepositing the layer on the porous substrate through alternating periods of reduction and no reduction.