Environmentally friendly water intake and pretreatment system

1. A water intake and pretreatment system comprising:

an inlet for delivering water from a natural source to a reservoir;

said inlet to reservoir having a net screen to prevent entry of organisms above a predetermined size and including a one-way gate to allow organisms to exit the reservoir;

said reservoir further comprising a body of water and a granular filter media for water and algae filtration;

said one-way gate comprising a rotating gate or wheel; and

a drainage layer for removal of filtered water from the granular filter media to a drainage outlet,

wherein the body of water has a maximum depth of 2 meters above the granular filter media to promote growth of algae, thereby enabling the reservoir to act as a nursery for growth of larvae that use the algae for nutrition.

2. A water intake and pretreatment system as claimed in claim 1 further comprising a local backwashing apparatus for localized backwashing of the granular filter media.

3. A water intake and pretreatment system as claimed in claim 2 wherein the local backwashing apparatus comprises:

an enclosure having an open lower end positionable above a surface of the granular filter media supported above the drainage layer;

a supporting structure movably supporting the enclosure, the supporting structure configured to position the enclosure at specified spots of the surface of the granular filter media, a pneumatic system in fluid communication with an upper part of the enclosure and configured to determine an air pressure in an upper part, a pipe system connecting the upper part of the enclosure with the pneumatic system and with a discharge structure, and a control unit connected to the supporting structure and pneumatic system and configured to conduct local backwashing of consecutive partial volumes of the filter media by:

sinking the enclosure into the filter media until the enclosure is supported on the drainage layer by reducing the air pressure in the upper part of the enclosure through the pneumatic system once the open lower end of the enclosure is immersed in filter media, to enclose the partial volume of filter media within the enclosure and generating local backwashing of the partial volume of the filter media enclosed in the enclosure by generating suction through the pneumatic system that initiates a water flow from the upper part of the enclosure through the pipe system to the discharge structure, wherein the water flow introduces into the lower end of the enclosed partial volume of filter media filtered water from the drainage layer which expands the enclosed filter media and releases sludge therefrom to the water flow that flows to the discharge structure, and raising the enclosure above the surface of the filter media to release the backwashed enclosed volume of filter media, by injecting air and increasing air pressure in the upper part of the enclosure through the pneumatic system to float the enclosure above the filter media.

4. A water intake and pretreatment system as claimed in claim 3 wherein the enclosure is provided with a flexible skirt around the open lower end thereof to prevent organisms above a predetermined size entering the enclosure.

5. The water intake and pretreatment system of claim 3 wherein the supporting structure is at least one of: a fixed bridge, a floating bridge, a rotating bridge and a crane.

6. The water intake and pretreatment system of claim 3 wherein a height of the enclosure is larger than a height of the water above the granular filter media in respect to the drainage layer.

7. A water intake and pretreatment system as claimed in claim 3 wherein the local backwashing apparatus further comprises a moving skirt that prevents entry of organisms above a second predetermined size into the enclosure.

8. A water intake and pretreatment system as claimed in claim 1 wherein the maximum depth of the body of water is 1 meter above the granular filter media.

9. A water intake and pretreatment system as claimed in claim 1 wherein the inlet to the reservoir is a gravity-feed channel from the natural water source.

10. A water intake and pretreatment system as claimed in claim 1 wherein the rotating gate or wheel comprises a rotating panel provided with a sheet of flexible material.

11. A water intake and pretreatment system as claimed in claim 1 wherein the granular filter media is sand.

12. A water intake and pretreatment system as claimed in claim 1 wherein the natural water source is sea water.

13. A water intake and pretreatment system comprising:

an inlet for delivering water from a natural source to a reservoir, wherein the inlet comprises a net screen to prevent entry of organisms above a predetermined size into the reservoir, wherein the reservoir comprises:

an intake area that is fluidly connected to the inlet such that the water flows from the natural resource through the inlet into the intake area, thereby forming a body of water that has a maximum depth of 2 meters to promote growth of algae, thereby enabling the intake area to act as a nursery for growth of larvae that use the algae for nutrition,

a granular filter media disposed adjacent to the body of water to filter the body of water and the algae;

a one-way gate to allow organisms to exit the reservoir, wherein the one-way gate is fluidly connected to the intake area;

a drainage layer for removal of filtered water from the granular filter media to a drainage outlet; and

a local backwashing apparatus for localized backwashing of the granular filter media,

wherein both the net screen and the one-way gate are located upstream of the local backwashing apparatus.

14. A water intake and pretreatment system as claimed in claim 13 wherein the local backwashing apparatus comprises:

an enclosure having an open lower end positionable above a surface of the granular filter media supported above the drainage layer;

a supporting structure movably supporting the enclosure, the supporting structure configured to position the enclosure at specified spots of the surface of the granular filter media, a pneumatic system in fluid communication with an upper part of the enclosure and configured to determine an air pressure in an upper part, a pipe system connecting the upper part of the enclosure with the pneumatic system and with a discharge structure, and a control unit connected to the supporting structure and pneumatic system and configured to conduct local backwashing of consecutive partial volumes of the filter media by:

sinking the enclosure into the filter media until the enclosure is supported on the drainage layer by reducing the air pressure in the upper part of the enclosure through the pneumatic system once the open lower end of the enclosure is immersed in filter media, to enclose the partial volume of filter media within the enclosure and generating local backwashing of the partial volume of the filter media enclosed in the enclosure by generating suction through the pneumatic system that initiates a water flow from the upper part of the enclosure through the pipe system to the discharge structure, wherein the water flow introduces into the lower end of the enclosed partial volume of filter media filtered water from the drainage layer which expands the enclosed filter media and releases sludge therefrom to the water flow that flows to the discharge structure, and raising the enclosure above the surface of the filter media to release the backwashed enclosed volume of filter media, by injecting air and increasing air pressure in the upper part of the enclosure through the pneumatic system to float the enclosure above the filter media.

15. A water intake and pretreatment system as claimed in claim 14 wherein the maximum depth of the body of water is 1 meter.

16. A water intake and pretreatment system as claimed in claim 13 wherein the one-way gate comprises a rotating door provided with a sheet of flexible material.