Multicellular lay-up process

1. A multicellular lay-up process, the process comprising the steps of:

a) forming a core material,

b) forming a capsule material,

c) encapsulating the core with the capsule material,

d) adding the capsule to a substrate, and

e) exposing the capsule to at least one bioactivating agent,

wherein the capsule material comprises a water soluble polymer, a fibrous component, and a solvent,

wherein lengths and sizes of the fibrous component are maintained within a predetermined range, and

wherein the predetermined range is selected to achieve a desired capsule viscosity.

2. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the method comprises forming a plurality of capsules, adding a plurality of capsules to a substrate and exposing the plurality of capsules to at least one bioactivating agent.

3. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the core comprises one or more mammalian cells, cell culture medium and a hydrogel.

4. The process according to claim 3 , wherein the cells are stem cells.

5. The process according to claim 3 , wherein the cell culture medium comprises selective growth medium, growth factor or buffer.

6. The process according to claim 3 , wherein the hydrogel comprises any of gelatin, polyethylene glycol, glycerol, alginate, dextran-40, trehalose, or DMSO.

7. The process according to claim 3 , wherein the core further comprises at least one bioactivating agent selected from the group consisting of growth factors, growth inhibitors, antimicrobial agents or anti-inflammatory agents.

8. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the step of forming the core comprises combining one or more mammalian cells, at least one bioactivating agent, cell culture medium and a hydrogel.

9. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the water soluble polymer comprises polyethylene oxide and/or polyethylene glycol.

10. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the fibrous component comprises cryomilled bioactive nano fibres, cryosonic milled fibres, or lithographic cut fibres.

11. The process according to claim 10 , wherein the fibres comprise natural and/or synthetic polymers.

12. The process according to claim 11 , wherein the natural polymers comprise cross-linked collagen or cross-linked hyaluronic acid.

13. The process according to claim 11 , wherein the synthetic polymers comprise polylactide glycolic acids, poly lactic acid, poly glycolic acid or polycapralactone.

14. The process according to claim 10 , wherein the fibrous component is infused with an enzyme.

15. The process according to claim 10 , wherein the fibrous component is infused with an electromagnetic absorber.

16. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the solvent comprises any of water or organic solvents.

17. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the capsule material further comprises at least one bioactivating agent selected from the group consisting of group consisting of, growth factors, growth inhibitors, antimicrobial agents or anti-inflammatory agents.

18. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the step of encapsulating the core with the capsule material comprises electrospraying both the formed cores and the capsule material concentrically in a cryogenically cooled drop tower.

19. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the step of adding the capsule to the substrate is performed in an additive manufacturing process.

20. The process according to claim 19 , wherein the additive manufacturing process is any of high speed sintering, ink jet printing, poly jet printing, spraying, high resolution deposition, spraying, syringe dispensing, near field electrospray or aero-sol jetting.

21. The process according to claim 19 , wherein the adding step further comprises the deposition of a barrier on the substrate.

22. The process according to claim 21 , wherein the barrier comprises dry hydrophobic particles.

23. The process according to claim 22 , wherein the hydrophobic particles comprise PTFE particles.

24. The process according to claim 22 , wherein the deposition of dry hydrophobic particles on the substrate is by any of high speed sintering, ink jet printing, poly jet printing, spraying, high resolution deposition, spraying, syringe dispensing, near field electrospray or aero-sol jetting.

25. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the step of exposing the capsule to at least one bioactivating agent comprises irrigating the capsules with an aqueous solution comprising one or more bioactivating agents.

26. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the exposing is performed by any of high speed sintering, ink jet printing, poly jet printing, spraying, high resolution deposition or aerosol jetting.

27. The process according to claim 25 , wherein the one or more bioactivating agents are selected from the group consisting of group consisting of growth factors, growth inhibitors, antimicrobial agents or anti-inflammatory agents.

28. The process according to claim 1 , wherein steps d) and e) are repeated consecutively in order to lay-up a three dimensional array of capsules.

29. The process according to claim 1 , wherein capsules formed are between 20 μm and 50 μm in diameter.

30. The process according to claim 1 , wherein a plurality of capsules comprising cell types programmed to produce a first tissue type are laid down on the substrate adjacent to a plurality of capsules comprising cell types programmed to produce a second tissue type.

31. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the core, capsule material or fibrous component further comprises a near infrared absorber.

32. A multicellular lay-up process, the process comprising the steps of:

a) forming a core material,

b) forming a capsule material,

c) encapsulating the core with the capsule material,

d) adding the capsule to a substrate, and

e) exposing the capsule to at least one bioactivating agent,

wherein the capsule material comprises a water soluble polymer, a fibrous component, and a solvent,

wherein the core comprises one or more mammalian cells, cell culture medium and a hydrogel,

wherein the fibrous component comprises cryomilled bioactive nano fibres, and

wherein at least one of the cryomilled bioactive nano fibres resides entirely within the capsule material.