Electrochemically expanded materials and reactor and method for producing the same
Methods and reactors for electrochemically expanding a parent material and expanded parent materials are described. Current methods of expanding parent materials incompletely-expand parent material, requiring expensive and time-consuming separation of expanded parent material from unexpanded parent materials. This problem is addressed by the methods and reactor for electrochemically expanding a parent material described herein, which during operation maintain electrical connectivity between the parent material and an electrical power source. The resulting materials described herein have a greater proportion of expanded parent material relative to unexpanded parent material compared to those made according to others methods.
1. A reactor configured to deliver electric current to a parent material to produce expanded parent material, the reactor comprising:
an electrically insulating container, comprising:
an expandable chamber configured to contain the parent material, wherein the expandable chamber is configured to expand in at least one direction in order to accommodate expansion of the parent material as it transitions to the expanded parent material, while also maintaining pressure on the parent material and any expanded parent material sufficient to maintain the conditions necessary to generate the expanded parent material;
an electrolyte chamber configured to be in fluid communication with an electrolyte solution; and
a porous membrane separating the expandable chamber and the electrolyte chamber configured to allow ions to pass through the porous membrane but not the parent material and any expanded parent material; wherein the porous membrane is configured to contain the pressure of the expanded parent material; and
an electrical system, comprising:
a first electrode configured to be in electrical communication with an interior of the expandable chamber and any parent material disposed in the expandable chamber; and
a second electrode configured to be in electrical communication with the electrolyte chamber and any electrolyte solution disposed in the electrolyte chamber.
2. The reactor of claim 1 , further comprising an electrical power source in electrical communication with the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein during operation a circuit is formed that comprises the electrical power source, the first electrode, the second electrode, the electrolyte solution, and the parent material, wherein the electrical power source is configured to produce electrical power sufficient to generate the expanded parent material from the parent material.
3. The reactor of claim 1 , wherein the porous membrane comprises pores having pore sizes between about 50 nm and about 10 μm.
4. The reactor of claim 1 , wherein the porous membrane comprises pores having pore sizes smaller than an average smallest lateral dimension of the parent material and the expanded parent material.
5. The reactor of claim 1 , wherein the porous membrane comprises a material selected from the group consisting of a porous polymeric material, a porous metallic material, porous glass, a woven porous material, a non-woven porous material, and combinations thereof.
6. The reactor of claim 1 , wherein the porous membrane comprises a porous material selected from the group consisting of hydrophilic polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), hydrophobic PTFE, glass, cellulose, polycarbonate, cellulose acetate, nylon, cotton cloth, cellulose esters, and combinations thereof.
7. The reactor of claim 1 , wherein the expandable chamber comprises an expandable element configured to expand as pressure within the expandable chamber increases.
8. The reactor of claim 7 , wherein the expandable element is selected from the group consisting of a piston, a balloon, bellows, and a diaphragm.
9. The reactor of claim 1 , wherein the expandable chamber is a first expandable chamber, the reactor further comprising:
a second expandable chamber configured to contain a second parent material; wherein the second expandable chamber is configured to expand in at least one direction in order to accommodate expansion of the second parent material as it transitions to a second expanded parent material, while also maintaining pressure on the second parent material and any second expanded parent material sufficient to maintain the conditions necessary to generate the second expanded parent material;
a third electrode configured to be in electrical communication with an interior of the second expandable chamber and any second parent material disposed therein; and
a second porous membrane separating the second expandable chamber and the electrolyte chamber configured to allow ions to pass through the porous membrane but not the second parent material or the expanded parent material; wherein the second porous membrane is configured to contain the expanding parent material.
10. The reactor of claim 1 , wherein the reactor is a continuous flow reactor configured to continuously transform flowing parent material into expanded parent material.
11. The reactor of claim 1 , wherein an area of the second electrode is greater than an area of the porous membrane.
12. The reactor of claim 1 , wherein the electrical power source is configured to apply between about 1 W and about 200 W to any parent material.
13. The reactor of claim 1 , further comprising an agitator configured to disperse any parent material disposed in the expandable chamber in the electrolyte solution.