High-gap yellow and orange electrochromic polymers
Embodiments of the invention are directed to yellow/orange-to-transmissive conjugated polymers, a method to prepare the yellow/orange conjugated polymers, and an electrochromic and/or electroluminescent device comprising the neutral state yellow/orange conjugated polymers as one of a plurality of primary subtractive colored conjugated polymers. The yellow/orange conjugated polymers show enhanced redox stability and can have a (D 2 Ar z ) n structure with a dioxyheterocycle repeating unit or a (DAr z ) n structure with a dioxythiophene monomer that has at least one substituted carbon α to an oxygen of the monomer; and where the one to three Ar groups have at least one carbon α to the carbon attached to a D unit substituted that has at least 5 atoms in the substituent. The yellow/orange conjugated polymers show enhanced redox stability. The yellow/orange conjugated polymers are prepared by cross-condensation reactions.
1. A conjugated polymer, comprising a (D 2 Ar z ) n fully conjugated polymeric sequence of two donor (D) repeating units with at least one aromatic (Ar) repeating unit provided therebetween,
each donor (D) repeating unit comprising an alkylenedioxyheterocycle;
each aromatic (Ar) repeating unit comprising an aromatic hydrocarbon, thiophene, furan, pyrrole, selenophene, or any combination thereof having at least one substituent of at least 5 atoms on a carbon α to the carbon attached to an adjacent D repeating unit of the conjugated polymer, wherein z is 1 to 3, n is 6 to 10,000,
wherein the conjugated polymer is yellow or orange in its neutral state and has an absorption maximum between 300 and 500 nm that upon oxidation is color neutral between 400-750 nm,
wherein the alkylenedioxyheterocycle is of the structure:
where:
X is S, Se, O, NR;
x is 0 or 1;
y is 0 or 1;
R 1 , R 3 , R 5 , and R 7 are independently C 1 -C 30 alkyl, C 2 -C 30 alkenyl, C 2 -C 30 alkynyl, C 14 aryl, C 7 -C 30 arylalkyl, C 8 -C 30 arylalkenyl, C 8 -C 30 arylalkynyl, hydroxyl, C 2 -C 30 alkoxy, C 6 -C 14 aryloxy, C 7 -C 30 arylalkyloxy, C 2 -C 30 alkenyloxy, C 2 -C 30 alkynyloxy, C 8 -C 30 arylalkenyloxy, C 8 -C 30 arylalkynyloxy, CO 2 H, C 2 -C 30 alkylester, C 7 -C 15 arylester, C 8 -C 30 alkylarylester, C 3 -C 30 alkenylester, C 3 -C 30 alkynylester, NH 2 , C 3 -C 30 alkylamino, C 6 -C 14 arylamino, C 7 -C 30 (arylalkyl)amino, C 3 -C 30 alkenylamino, C 3 -C 30 alkynylamino, C 8 -C 30 (arylalkenyl)amino, C 8 -C 30 (arylalkynyl)amino, C 3 -C 30 dialkylamino, C 12 -C 28 diarylamino, C 4 -C 30 dialkenylamino, C 4 -C 30 dialkynylamino, C 7 -C 30 aryl(alkyl)amino, C 7 -C 30 di(arylalkyl)amino, C 8 -C 30 alkyl(arylalkyl)amino, C 15 -C 30 aryl(arylalkyl)amino, C 8 -C 30 alkenyl(aryl)amino, C 8 -C 30 alkynyl(aryl)amino, C(O)NH 2 (amido), C 2 -C 30 alkylamido, C 7 -C 14 arylamido, C 8 -C 30 (arylalkyl)amido, C 2 -C 30 dialkylamido, C 12 -C 28 diarylamido, C 8 -C 30 aryl(alkyl)amido, C 15 -C 30 di(arylalkyl)amido, C 9 -C 30 alkyl(arylalkyl)amido, C 16 -C 30 aryl(arylalkyl)amido, thiol, C 2 -C 30 hydroxyalkyl, C 6 -C 14 hydroxyaryl, C 7 -C 30 hydroxyarylalkyl, C 3 -C 30 hydroxyalkenyl, C 3 -C 30 hydroxyalkynyl, C 8 -C 30 hydroxyarylalkenyl, C 8 -C 30 hydroxyarylalkynyl, C 3 -C 30 polyether, C 3 -C 30 polyetherester, C 3 -C 30 polyester, C 3 -C 30 polyamino, C 3 -C 30 polyaminoamido, C 3 -C 30 polyaminoether, C 3 -C 30 polyaminoester, C 3 -C 30 polyamidoester, C 3 -C 30 alkylsulfonic acid, C 3 -C 30 alkylsulfonate salt, C 2 -C 30 carboxylate salt, thiocarboxylate salt, dithiocarboxylate salt or C 4 -C 14 tetraalkylammonium salt; and
R 2 , R 4 , R 6 , and R 8 are independently H, C 1 -C 30 alkyl, C 2 -C 30 alkenyl, C 2 -C 30 alkynyl, C 6 -C 14 aryl, C 7 -C 30 arylalkyl, C 8 -C 30 arylalkenyl, C 8 -C 30 arylalkynyl, hydroxyl, C 2 -C 30 alkoxy, C 6 -C 14 aryloxy, C 7 -C 30 arylalkyloxy, C 2 -C 30 alkenyloxy, C 2 -C 30 alkynyloxy, C 8 -C 30 arylalkenyloxy, C 8 -C 30 arylalkynyloxy, CO 2 H, C 2 -C 30 alkylester, C 7 -C 15 arylester, C 8 -C 30 alkylarylester, C 3 -C 30 alkenylester, C 3 -C 30 alkynylester, NH 2 , C 3 -C 30 alkylamino, C 6 -C 14 arylamino, C 7 -C 30 (arylalkyl)amino, C 3 -C 30 alkenylamino, C 3 -C 30 alkynylamino, C 8 -C 30 (arylalkenyl)amino, C 8 -C 30 (arylalkynyl)amino, C 3 -C 30 dialkylamino, C 12 -C 28 diarylamino, C 4 -C 30 dialkenylamino, C 4 -C 30 dialkynylamino, C 7 -C 30 aryl(alkyl)amino, C 7 -C 30 di(arylalkyl)amino, C 8 -C 30 alkyl(arylalkyl)amino, C 15 -C 30 aryl(arylalkyl)amino, C 8 -C 30 alkenyl(aryl)amino, C 8 -C 30 alkynyl(aryl)amino, C(O)NH 2 (amido), C 2 -C 30 alkylamido, C 7 -C 14 arylamido, C 8 -C 30 (arylalkyl)amido, C 2 -C 30 dialkylamido, C 12 -C 28 diarylamido, C 8 -C 30 aryl(alkyl)amido, C 15 -C 30 di(arylalkyl)amido, C 9 -C 30 alkyl(arylalkyl)amido, C 16 -C 30 aryl(arylalkyl)amido, thiol, C 2 -C 30 hydroxyalkyl, C 6 -C 14 hydroxyaryl, C 7 -C 30 hydroxyarylalkyl, C 3 -C 30 hydroxyalkenyl, C 3 -C 30 hydroxyalkynyl, C 8 -C 30 hydroxyarylalkenyl, C 8 -C 30 hydroxyarylalkynyl, C 3 -C 30 polyether, C 3 -C 30 polyetherester, C 3 -C 30 polyester, C 3 -C 30 polyamino, C 3 -C 30 polyaminoamido, C 3 -C 30 polyaminoether, C 3 -C 30 polyaminoester, C 3 -C 30 polyamidoester, C 3 -C 30 alkylsulfonic acid, C 3 -C 30 alkylsulfonate salt, C 2 -C 30 carboxylate salt, thiocarboxylate salt, dithiocarboxylate salt or C 4 -C 14 tetraalkylammonium salt, and
where R is C 3 -C 30 alkyl, C 3 -C 30 alkenyl, C 3 -C 30 alkynyl, C 6 -C 14 aryl, C 7 -C 30 arylalkyl, C 8 -C 30 arylalkenyl, C 8 -C 30 arylalkynyl, C 3 -C 30 alkylester, C 7 -C 15 arylester, C 8 -C 30 alkylarylester, C 4 -C 30 alkenylester, C 4 -C 30 alkynylester, NH 2 , C 2 -C 30 alkylamino, C 6 -C 14 arylamino, C 7 -C 30 (arylalkyl)amino, C 3 -C 30 alkenylamino, C 3 -C 30 alkynylamino, C 8 -C 30 (arylalkenyl)amino, C 8 -C 30 (arylalkynyl)amino, C 3 -C 30 dialkylamino, C 12 -C 28 diarylamino, C 4 -C 30 dialkenylamino, C 4 -C 30 dialkynylamino, C 7 -C 30 aryl(alkyl)amino, C 7 -C 30 di(arylalkyl)amino, C 8 -C 30 alkyl(arylalkyl)amino, C 15 -C 30 aryl(arylalkyl)amino, C 8 -C 30 alkenyl(aryl)amino, C 8 -C 30 alkynyl(aryl)amino, C(O)NH 2 (amido), C 3 -C 30 alkylamido, C 7 -C 14 arylamido, C 8 -C 30 (arylalkyl)amido, C 3 -C 30 dialkylamido, C 12 -C 28 diarylamido, C 8 -C 30 aryl(alkyl)amido, C 15 -C 30 di(arylalkyl)amido, C 9 -C 30 alkyl(arylalkyl)amido, C 16 -C 30 aryl(arylalkyl)amido, thiol, C 2 -C 30 alkylhydroxy, C 6 -C 14 arylhydroxy, C 7 -C 30 arylalkylhydroxy, C 3 -C 30 alkenylhydroxy, C 3 -C 30 alkynylhydroxy, C 8 -C 30 arylalkenylhydroxy, C 8 -C 30 arylalkynylhydroxy, C 3 -C 30 polyether, C 3 -C 30 polyetherester, C 3 -C 30 polyester C 3 -C 30 polyamino, C 3 -C 30 polyaminoamido, C 3 -C 30 polyaminoether, C 3 -C 30 polyaminoester, C 3 -C 30 polyamidoester, C 3 -C 30 alkylsulfonic acid, C 3 -C 30 alkylsulfonate salt, or C 4 -C 14 tetraalkyammonium salt.
2. A conjugated polymer, comprising a (D 2 Ar z ) n fully conjugated polymeric sequence of two donor (D) repeating units with at least one aromatic (Ar) repeating unit provided therebetween,
each donor (D) repeating unit comprising an arylenedioxyheterocycle; and
each aromatic (Ar) repeating unit comprising an aromatic hydrocarbon, thiophene, furan, pyrrole, selenophene, or any combination thereof having at least one substituent of at least 5 atoms on a carbon a to the carbon attached to an adjacent D repeating unit of the conjugated polymer, wherein z is 1 to 3, n is 6 to 10,000,
wherein the conjugated polymer is yellow or orange in its neutral state and has an absorption maximum between 300 and 500 nm that upon oxidation is color neutral between 400-750 nm,
wherein the arylenedioxyheterocycle is of the structure:
where:
X is S, Se, O, or NR; and
R, R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 are independently H, C 1 -C 30 alkyl, C 2 -C 30 alkenyl, C 2 -C 30 alkynyl, C 6 -C 14 aryl, C 7 -C 30 arylalkyl, C 8 -C 30 arylalkenyl, C 8 -C 30 arylalkynyl, hydroxy, C 2 -C 30 alkoxy, C 6 -C 14 aryloxy, C 7 -C 30 arylalkyloxy, C 2 -C 30 alkenyloxy, C 2 -C 30 alkynyloxy, C 8 -C 30 arylalkenyloxy, C 8 -C 30 arylalkynyloxy, CO 2 H, C 2 -C 30 alkylester, C 7 -C 15 arylester, C 8 -C 30 alkylarylester, C 3 -C 30 alkenylester, C 3 -C 30 alkynylester, NH 2 , C 3 -C 30 alkylamino, C 6 -C 14 arylamino, C 7 -C 30 (arylalkyl)amino, C 3 -C 30 alkenylamino, C 3 -C 30 alkynylamino, C 8 -C 30 (arylalkenyl)amino, C 8 -C 30 (arylalkynyl)amino, C 3 -C 30 dialkylamino, C 12 -C 28 diarylamino, C 4 -C 30 dialkenylamino, C 4 -C 30 dialkynylamino, C 7 -C 30 aryl(alkyl)amino, C 7 -C 30 di(arylalkyl)amino, C 8 -C 30 alkyl(arylalkyl)amino, C 15 -C 30 aryl(arylalkyl)amino, C 8 -C 30 alkenyl(aryl)amino, C 8 -C 30 alkynyl(aryl)amino, C(O)NH 2 (amido), C 2 -C 30 alkylamido, C 7 -C 14 arylamido, C 8 -C 30 (arylalkyl)amido, C 2 -C 30 dialkylamido, C 12 -C 28 diarylamido, C 8 -C 30 aryl(alkyl)amido, C 15 -C 30 di(arylalkyl)amido, C 9 -C 30 alkyl(arylalkyl)amido, C 16 -C 30 aryl(arylalkyl)amido, thiol, C 2 -C 30 hydroxyalkyl, C 6 -C 14 hydroxyaryl, C 7 -C 30 hydroxyarylalkyl, C 3 -C 30 hydroxyalkenyl, C 3 -C 30 hydroxyalkynyl, C 8 -C 30 hydroxyarylalkenyl, C 8 -C 30 hydroxyarylalkynyl, C 3 -C 30 polyether, C 3 -C 30 polyetherester, C 3 -C 30 polyester, C 3 -C 30 polyamino, C 3 -C 30 polyaminoamido, C 3 -C 30 polyaminoether, C 3 -C 30 polyaminoester, C 3 -C 30 polyamidoester, C 3 -C 30 alkylsulfonic acid, C 3 -C 30 alkylsulfonate salt, C 2 -C 30 carboxylate salt, thiocarboxylate salt, dithiocarboxylate salt or C 4 -C 14 tetraalkylammonium salt.
3. The conjugated polymer of claim 1 , wherein the Ar repeating units are of the structure:
where: X is NR′, PR′, S, O, Se, SO a , CR 2 , SiR′ 2 , GeR′ 2 , or BR′, where a=1 or 2; X′ is NR′, O, Se, or S; where R′ is H, C 1 -C 30 alkyl, C 2 -C 30 alkenyl, C 2 -C 30 alkynyl, C 6 -C 14 aryl, C 7 -C 30 arylalkyl, C 8 -C 30 arylalkenyl, C 8 -C 30 arylalkynyl, C 1 -C 30 hydroxyalkyl, C 6 -C 14 hydroxyaryl, C 7 -C 30 hydroxyarylalkyl, C 3 -C 30 hydroxyalkenyl, C 3 -C 30 hydroxyalkynyl, C 8 -C 30 hydroxyarylalkenyl, C 8 -C 30 hydroxyarylalkynyl, C 3 -C 30 polyether, C 3 -C 30 polyetherester, C 3 -C 30 polyester, C 3 -C 30 polyamino, C 3 -C 30 polyaminoamido, C 3 -C 30 polyaminoether, C 3 -C 30 polyaminoester, C 3 -C 30 polyamidoester, C 3 -C 30 alkyl sulfonic acid, C 3 -C 30 alkyl sulfonate salt, C 1 -C 30 alkylcarboxylate salt, C 1 -C 30 alkylthiocarboxylate salt, C 1 -C 30 alkyldithiocarboxylate salt or C 3 -C 30 alkyl C 4 -C 14 tetraalkylammonium salt; R″ is independently H, C 1 -C 30 alkyl, C 3 -C 30 alkenyl, C 2 -C 30 alkynyl, C 6 -C 14 aryl, C 7 -C 30 arylalkyl, C 8 -C 30 arylalkenyl, C 8 -C 30 arylalkynyl; and R is independently H, C 1 -C 30 alkyl, C 2 -C 30 alkenyl, C 2 -C 30 alkynyl, C 6 -C 14 aryl, C 7 -C 30 arylalkyl, C 8 -C 30 arylalkenyl, C 8 -C 30 arylalkynyl, hydroxy, C 1 -C 30 alkoxy, C 6 -C 14 aryloxy, C 7 -C 30 arylalkyloxy, C 2 -C 30 alkenyloxy, C 2 -C 30 alkynyloxy, C 8 -C 30 arylalkenyloxy, C 8 -C 30 arylalkynyloxy, CO 2 H, C 2 -C 30 alkylester, C 7 -C 15 arylester, C 8 -C 30 alkylarylester, C 3 -C 30 alkenylester, C 3 -C 30 alkynylester, NH 2 , C 1 -C 30 alkylamino, C 6 -C 14 arylamino, C 7 -C 30 (arylalkyl)amino, C 2 -C 30 alkenylamino, C 2 -C 30 alkynylamino, C 8 -C 30 (arylalkenyl)amino, C 8 -C 30 (arylalkynyl)amino, C 2 -C 30 dialkylamino, C 12 -C 28 diarylamino, C 4 -C 30 dialkenylamino, C 4 -C 30 dialkynylamino, C 7 -C 30 aryl(alkyl)amino, C 7 -C 30 di(arylalkyl)amino, C 8 -C 30 alkyl(arylalkyl)amino, C 15 -C 30 aryl(arylalkyl)amino, C 8 -C 30 alkenyl(aryl)amino, C 8 -C 30 alkynyl(aryl)amino C(O)NH 2 (amido), C 2 -C 30 alkylamido, C 7 -C 14 arylamido, C 8 -C 30 (arylalkyl)amido, C 2 -C 30 dialkylamido, C 12 -C 28 diarylamido, C 8 -C 30 aryl(alkyl)amido, C 15 -C 30 di(arylalkyl)amido, C 9 -C 30 alkyl(arylalkyl)amido, C 16 -C 30 aryl(arylalkyl)amido, thiol, C 1 -C 30 hydroxyalkyl, C 6 -C 14 hydroxyaryl, C 7 -C 30 hydroxyarylalkyl, C 3 -C 30 hydroxyalkenyl, C 3 -C 30 hydroxyalkynyl, C 8 -C 30 hydroxyarylalkenyl, C 8 -C 30 hydroxyarylalkynyl, C 3 -C 30 polyether, C 3 -C 30 polyetherester, C 3 -C 30 polyester, C 3 -C 30 polyamino, C 3 -C 30 polyaminoamido, C 3 -C 30 polyaminoether, C 3 -C 30 polyaminoester, C 3 -C 30 polyamidoester, C 3 -C 30 alkylsulfonic acid, C 3 -C 30 alkylsulfonate salt, C 1 -C 30 carboxylate salt, C 1 -C 30 thiocarboxylate salt, C 1 -C 30 dithiocarboxylate salt, or C 4 -C 14 tetraalkyammonium salt.
4. The conjugated polymer of claim 1 , wherein the fully conjugated polymeric sequence is a portion of a random copolymer.
5. The conjugated polymer of claim 1 , wherein the fully conjugated polymeric sequence is a portion of a block, graft, branched, hyperbranched, or dendritic copolymer.
6. The conjugated polymer of claim 1 , wherein the fully conjugated polymeric sequence is a portion of a network.
7. The conjugated polymer of claim 1 , wherein the conjugated polymer or a polymeric precursor of the conjugated polymer is soluble in at least one solvent.
8. The conjugated polymer of claim 7 , wherein the solvent comprises toluene, chloroform, dichloromethane, hexanes, tetrahydrofuran, chlorobenzene, water, ethanol, xylene, tetralin, or mesitylene.
9. The conjugated polymer of claim 1 , wherein a thin film comprising the conjugated polymer in the neutral state displays a has a lambda max between 400 nm and 500 nm and greater than about 90% transmittance from 600 nm-750 nm.
10. The conjugated polymer of claim 1 , wherein a thin film comprising the conjugated polymer in the oxidized state is color neutral having an a* of no greater than +/−10 and b* of no greater than +/−10.
11. The conjugated polymer of claim 1 , wherein the conjugated polymer is electrochromic or electroluminescent.
12. A method of preparing a conjugated polymer according to claim 1 comprising a cross-coupling of monomers or trimers, wherein the cross-coupling comprises direct arylation, Stille coupling, Kumada coupling, Hiyama coupling, Negishi coupling, inverse Suzuki coupling, Grignard methathesis (GRIM) or oxidative polymerization.
13. An electrochromic device (ECD), comprising the conjugated polymer of claim 1 and at least one non-yellow or non-orange conjugated polymer that displays a primary subtractive color in a neutral state and is color neutral in an oxidized state.
14. The ECD of claim 13 , wherein a plurality of the non-yellow conjugated polymers display red and blue or magenta and cyan in the neutral state.
15. The conjugated polymer of claim 1 , wherein x is 1 and y is 1.