Micro-machined thin film lithium niobate electro-optic devices
Optical devices and their fabrication from thin film lithium niobate are provided. In some embodiments, an optical device includes a substrate and an optical waveguide disposed on the substrate. The optical waveguide comprises lithium niobate. The optical waveguide has a central ridge extending laterally along the substrate. A pair of electrodes is disposed on opposite sides of the central ridge of the optical waveguide.
1. A device comprising:
a substrate having a first side;
a lithium niobate optical waveguide disposed on the first side of the substrate, the optical waveguide comprising:
a central ridge; and
legs extending outwards from the central ridge along the first side of the substrate,
wherein the central ridge consists essentially of undoped lithium niobate,
the device further comprising a pair of electrodes disposed on the first side of the substrate such that each of the legs of the optical waveguide extends from the central ridge to one of the pair of electrodes,
wherein the optical waveguide comprises a substantially semicircular bend having a radius of about 50 μm or less.
2. The device of claim 1 , wherein the central ridge has a width of about 1 μm or less.
3. The device of claim 1 , wherein the legs have a height less than a height of the central ridge.
4. The device of claim 3 , wherein the height of the legs is less than or equal to half the height of the central ridge.
5. The device of claim 3 , wherein the legs have a height of about 300 nm.
6. The device of claim 1 , wherein the lithium niobate is crystalline and disposed such that the x-axis of its crystal lattice extends substantially perpendicular to the first side of the substrate.
7. The device of claim 1 , wherein the central ridge has a thickness of about 1 μm or less.
8. The device of claim 7 , wherein the central ridge has a thickness of about 400 nm or more.
9. The device of claim 1 , wherein the substrate is an insulator.
10. The device of claim 9 , wherein the insulator has a refractive index less than that of the optical waveguide.
11. The device of claim 9 , wherein the insulator comprises silicon dioxide.
12. The device of claim 1 , further comprising:
a carrier, the substrate being disposed on the carrier.
13. The device of claim 12 , wherein the carrier comprises lithium niobate, silicon, quartz, silica or sapphire.
14. The device of claim 1 , wherein the electrodes comprise metal.
15. The device of claim 14 , wherein the electrodes comprise gold.
16. The device of claim 1 , wherein the pair of electrodes is adapted to modulate an optical mode of the optical waveguide when a voltage is applied across the pair of electrodes.
17. The device of claim 1 , wherein the pair of electrodes each have a length of about 1 mm or less.
18. The device of claim 1 , wherein the electrodes of the pair of electrodes are separated by about 3.5 μm.
19. The device of claim 1 , wherein the optical waveguide is disposed along a substantially annular path.
20. The device of claim 1 , wherein the optical waveguide is disposed on the first side of the substrate to form a ring resonator.
21. The device of claim 1 , wherein the optical waveguide is disposed on the first side of the substrate to form a racetrack resonator.
22. The device of claim 1 , wherein the optical waveguide is disposed on the first side of the substrate to form a Mach-Zehnder interferometer.
23. The device of claim 1 , wherein the device is adapted to shift a resonance wavelength by an applied voltage.
24. The device of claim 1 , wherein the device is adapted to provide velocity matching.
25. The device of claim 1 , wherein the device is adapted to provide electro-optic modulation.
26. The device of claim 1 , wherein at least a portion of each of the legs is disposed beneath a respective one of the electrodes.
27. A device comprising:
a substrate having a first side;
a lithium niobate optical waveguide disposed on the first side of the substrate, the optical waveguide comprising:
a central ridge, and
legs extending outwards from the central ridge along the first side of the substrate,
wherein the central ridge consists essentially of undoped lithium niobate,
the device further comprising a pair of electrodes disposed on the first side of the substrate such that each of the legs of the optical waveguide extends from the central ridge to one of the pair of electrodes,
wherein the optical waveguide is disposed along a substantially serpentine path defined by a plurality of arcuate segments,
wherein each of the arcuate segments has a radius of less than about 50 μm.
28. The device of claim 27 , wherein the arcuate segments are substantially semicircular.
29. The device of claim 27 , wherein the arcuate segments are separated from one another by about 1 mm or less.