Micro-machined thin film lithium niobate electro-optic devices
Optical devices and their fabrication from thin film lithium niobate are provided. In some embodiments, an optical device includes a substrate and an optical waveguide disposed on the substrate. The optical waveguide comprises lithium niobate. The optical waveguide has a central ridge extending laterally along the substrate. A pair of electrodes is disposed on opposite sides of the central ridge of the optical waveguide.
1. An electro-optic device comprising:
a substrate,
a lithium niobate optical waveguide, disposed on and in direct contact with, a first side of the substrate, and comprising:
a central ridge consisting essentially of undoped lithium niobate and two legs extending outwards from the central ridge along the first side of the substrate, and
a pair of electrodes disposed on the first side of the substrate and electrically coupled to the lithium niobate optical waveguide to form an electrical capacitor, wherein a voltage difference is applied between said pair of electrodes,
wherein each of the two legs of the lithium niobate optical waveguide extends from the central ridge to one of the pair of electrodes, and
wherein the central ridge has a width of less than 1 μm along at least a portion thereof in the optical waveguide.
2. The device of claim 1 , wherein the central ridge has a thickness of about 1 μm or less.
3. The device of claim 1 , wherein the substrate comprises an insulator.
4. The device of claim 3 , wherein the insulator has a refractive index less than that of the optical waveguide.
5. The device of claim 3 , wherein the insulator comprises silicon dioxide.
6. The device of claim 1 , further comprising a carrier, the substrate being disposed on the carrier.
7. The device of claim 6 , wherein the carrier comprises any one of lithium niobate, silicon, quartz, silica and sapphire.
8. The device of claim 1 , wherein the pair of electrodes is positioned relative to the waveguide in a way to allow modulation of an optical mode of the optical waveguide when said voltage is applied across the pair of electrodes.
9. The device of claim 1 , wherein each of the pair of electrodes has a length of about 1 mm or less.
10. The device of claim 1 , wherein the optical waveguide forms any one of a ring resonator, a racetrack resonator, and a Mach-Zehnder interferometer.
11. The device of claim 1 , wherein at least a portion of each of the two legs is disposed beneath a respective one of the pair of electrodes.
12. The device of claim 1 , wherein each of the two legs has a height less than a height of the central ridge.
13. The device of claim 12 , wherein the height of the two legs is less than or equal to half the height of the central ridge.
14. The device of claim 1 , wherein the lithium niobate is crystalline and disposed on the first side of the substrate such that the x-axis of its crystal lattice extends substantially perpendicular to the first side of the substrate.
15. The device of claim 1 , wherein the device is adapted to shift a resonance associated with the waveguide via an application of a voltage across the pair of electrodes.
16. The device of claim 1 , wherein the waveguide is adapted to support an optical whispering gallery mode.
17. The device of claim 1 , wherein the lithium niobate optical waveguide comprises a lithium niobate crystal disposed on the substrate such that an orientation of its crystalline axes relative to the first side of substrate allows generation of an electric field via application of a voltage across the pair of electrodes, along a direction that is substantially parallel to the first side of the substrate and substantially perpendicular to the central ridge of the lithium niobate optical waveguide.
18. The device of claim 1 , wherein the central ridge has a height equal to or less than 600 nm.
19. An electro-optic device comprising:
a substrate,
a lithium niobate optical waveguide, disposed on and in direct contact with, a first side of the substrate, and comprising:
a central ridge consisting essentially of undoped lithium niobate and two legs extending outwards from the central ridge along the first side of the substrate, and
a pair of electrodes disposed on the first side of the substrate and electrically coupled to the lithium niobate optical waveguide, wherein a voltage difference is applied between said pair of electrodes so as to generate an electric field in said central ridge along a direction parallel to said first side of the substrate,
wherein each of the two legs of the lithium niobate optical waveguide extends from the central ridge to one of the pair of electrodes, and
wherein the central ridge has a width of less than 1 μm along at least a portion thereof in the optical waveguide.