Modulating retroreflective piezoelectric multilayer film

1. A modulating retroreflective multilayer film comprising:

retroreflective elements;

a piezoelectric layer having opposing top and bottom surfaces;

a first electrode layer in electrical connection with the top surface of the piezoelectric layer;

a second electrode layer in electrical connection with the bottom surface of the piezoelectric layer;

a voltage source located within a layer of the multilayer film and being in electrical connection with the first and second electrode layers;

a processor located within a layer of the multilayer film and being communicably coupled with the voltage source to apply a voltage across the piezoelectric layer;

an energy storage device located within a layer of the multilayer film and being configured to store energy used for the applying of the voltage; and

a photovoltaic layer communicably in electrical connection with the energy storage device and coupled with the processor to transmit electrical signals to the processor;

wherein the piezoelectric layer and the photovoltaic layer are substantially coextensive with one another.

2. The multilayer film of claim 1 , wherein the retroreflective elements are disposed on the top surface or the bottom surface of the piezoelectric layer.

3. The multilayer film of claim 1 , further comprising:

a retroreflective layer comprising at least some of the retroreflective elements.

4. The multilayer film of claim 1 , wherein at least a portion of each of the piezoelectric layer, the first electrode layer, and the second electrode layer is transparent.

5. The multilayer film of claim 1 , wherein the energy storage device is in communication with the processor to provide power to the processor.

6. The multilayer film of claim 1 , wherein the photovoltaic layer is configured to harvest energy to be stored in the energy storage device.

7. The multilayer film of claim 1 , wherein the energy storage device comprises a battery or a capacitor.

8. The multilayer film of claim 1 , wherein the retroreflective elements comprise microprism retroreflectors or holographic retroreflectors.

9. The multilayer film of claim 1 , wherein the retroreflective elements are disposed on a retroreflective surface at a density of greater than 10 per square millimeter.

10. The multilayer film of claim 1 , wherein the piezoelectric layer comprises polyvinylidene fluoride.

11. The multilayer film of claim 1 , having a durometer hardness of less than 50.

12. The multilayer film of claim 1 , having a thickness of less than 100 microns.

13. A label comprising:

a modulating retroreflective multilayer film comprising:

retroreflective elements;

a piezoelectric layer having opposing top and bottom surfaces;

a first electrode layer in electrical connection with the top surface of the piezoelectric layer;

a second electrode layer in electrical connection with the bottom surface of the piezoelectric layer;

a voltage source located within a layer of the multilayer film and being in electrical connection with the first and second electrode layers;

a processor located within a layer of the multilayer film and being communicably coupled with the voltage source to apply a voltage across the piezoelectric layer;

an energy storage device located within a layer of the multilayer film and being configured to store energy used for the applying of the voltage; and

a photovoltaic layer communicably in electrical connection with the energy storage device and coupled with the processor to transmit electrical signals to the processor; and

one or more adhesive layers,

wherein one of the one or more adhesive layers is an outer adhesive layer located at an end of the multilayer film.

14. The label of claim 13 , further comprising:

a release liner disposed on the outer adhesive layer.

15. A method for modulating retroreflected light, the method comprising:

providing a modulating retroreflective multilayer film comprising:

retroreflective elements;

a piezoelectric layer having opposing top and bottom surfaces;

a first electrode layer in electrical connection with the top surface of the piezoelectric layer;

a second electrode layer in electrical connection with the bottom surface of the piezoelectric layer;

a voltage source located within a layer of the multilayer film and being in electrical connection with the first and second electrode layers;

a processor located within a layer of the multilayer film and being communicably coupled with the voltage source to apply a voltage across the piezoelectric layer;

an energy storage device located within a layer of the multilayer film and being configured to store energy used for the applying of the voltage; and

a photovoltaic layer communicably in electrical connection with the energy storage device and coupled with the processor to transmit electrical signals to the processor

illuminating the film with an incident light beam;

retroreflecting the incident light beam into a reflected light beam via a first configuration of retroreflective elements;

detecting the incident light beam with the photovoltaic layer;

transmitting a signal from the photovoltaic layer to the processor;

applying a voltage across the piezoelectric layer to change a dimension of the piezoelectric layer to form a second configuration of retroreflective elements; and

retroreflecting the incident light beam into a modulated light beam via the second configuration of retroreflective elements.

16. The method of claim 15 , further comprising:

harvesting energy to be stored in the energy storage device with the photovoltaic layer.

17. The method of claim 15 , wherein the voltage is applied with a power of less than 1 nanowatt.