Ultrasound imaging of biomarker sensitive hydrogels

1. A system for identifying one or more changes in a biomarker sensitive hydrogel configured to be positioned within an in vivo environment, the system comprising:

a biomarker sensitive hydrogel, the biomarker sensitive hydrogel being configured to be positioned within the in vivo environment and configured to dimensionally change in response to interaction with one or more predefined biomarkers, wherein the biomarker sensitive hydrogel is unconstrained so as to be configured to resonate;

an ultrasound transducer configured to locate the biomarker sensitive hydrogel within the in vivo environment and configured to identify a shift in acoustic resonance frequency of the biomarker sensitive hydrogel;

a computer system in electrical communication with the ultrasound transducer, the computer system having one or more processors and being configured to:

receive, from the ultrasound transducer, data relative to the acoustic resonance frequency of the biomarker sensitive hydrogel; and

determine, at the one or more processors, one or more changes of the biomarker sensitive hydrogel based on the received data.

2. The system as in claim 1 , wherein the computer system receives, from the ultrasound transducer, the one or more characteristics of the biomarker sensitive hydrogel at a first time and at a second time, and wherein the computer system determines, at the one or more processors, the one or more changes of the biomarker sensitive hydrogel based on differences between the one or more characteristics of the biomarker sensitive hydrogel at the first time and at the second time.

3. The system as in claim 2 , wherein the biomarker sensitive hydrogel comprises one or more markers or contrast agents, and wherein the differences between the one or more characteristics of the biomarker sensitive hydrogel at the first time and at the second time further comprise (i) a change in an average density of the one or more markers or contrast agents or (ii) a change in a distance between at least two markers or contrast agents of the one or more markers or contrast agents.

4. The system as in claim 1 , wherein the system further comprises a control hydrogel configured to be positioned within the in vivo environment, the control hydrogel configured not to dimensionally change in response to interaction with one or more predefined biomarkers,

wherein the ultrasound transducer is configured to locate the control hydrogel and identify one or more control characteristics of the control hydrogel, and

wherein the computer system is further configured to receive, from the ultrasound transducer, the one or more control characteristics and determine, at the one or more processors, the one or more changes based on differences between the one or more characteristics of the biomarker sensitive hydrogel and the one or more control characteristics of the control hydrogel.

5. The system as in claim 4 , wherein the biomarker sensitive hydrogel and the control hydrogel each comprise one or more markers or contrast agents, the one or more markers or contrast agents comprising one or more of: a metal, a plurality of microspheres, a plurality of microbubbles, a plurality of microwires, a plurality of nanowires, or a plurality of sonically reflective nanoparticles.

6. The system as in claim 5 , wherein the one or more markers or contrast agents are positioned to render a plurality of barber pole stripes along or within the biomarker sensitive hydrogel and the control hydrogel or are positioned to render one or more foci along or within the biomarker sensitive hydrogel and the control hydrogel.

7. The system as in claim 1 , wherein the biomarker sensitive hydrogel comprises an elongate shape between 10-100 μm thick and 2-20 mm long.

8. The system as in claim 7 , wherein the one or more changes comprise a change in a volume of the biomarker sensitive hydrogel, and wherein the change in the volume causes a detectable change in the acoustic resonance frequency of the biomarker sensitive hydrogel and such change in acoustic resonance frequency correlates with a concentration of the one or more predefined biomarkers interacting with the biomarker sensitive hydrogel.

9. The system as in claim 1 , wherein the one or more characteristics of the biomarker sensitive hydrogel comprise:

a first set of characteristics of the biomarker sensitive hydrogel; and

a second set of characteristics of the biomarker sensitive hydrogel,

wherein the first set of characteristics of the biomarker sensitive hydrogel correspond to a first view of the biomarker sensitive hydrogel within the in vivo environment,

wherein the second set of characteristics of the biomarker sensitive hydrogel correspond to a second view of the biomarker sensitive hydrogel within the in vivo environment, and

wherein the second view is substantially orthogonal to the first view.

10. The system as in claim 1 , wherein the biomarker sensitive hydrogel comprises:

a hydrogel resonator sheet configured to absorb a subset of ultrasonic frequency bands emitted by the ultrasound transducer, the hydrogel resonator sheet comprising a biomarker sensitive hydrogel arranged in an array of acoustic resonators that undergo one or more physical changes in response to a selective association with the one or more biomarkers.

11. The system as in claim 10 , wherein the computer system is additionally configured to:

receive, from the ultrasound transducer, a plurality of ultrasound frequencies outside the subset of ultrasonic frequency bands.

12. The system as in claim 10 , wherein the one or more characteristics comprise a shift in a frequency position of a maxima of the absorption for the portion of the array of acoustic resonators, and wherein the one or more changes of the hydrogel resonator sheet comprise a swelling or a shrinking of at least the portion of the array of resonators as determined by the shift in the frequency position of the maxima of the absorption for the portion of the array of resonators.

13. The system as in claim 10 , wherein the hydrogel resonator sheet is spatially associated with a contrast structure, and wherein the computer system is additionally configured to receive, from the ultrasound transducer, spatial information associated with the contrast structure.

14. The system as in claim 13 , wherein the computer system determines the one or more changes based on the spatial information associated with the contrast structure and the received one or more characteristics between a first point in time and a second point in time.

15. The system as in claim 10 , wherein the array of acoustic resonators comprises a periodic array of same-sized acoustic resonators.

16. The system as in claim 10 , wherein the array of acoustic resonators comprises a repeated pattern of cylindrical ultrasonic resonators to enable selective harmonic suppression, the repeated pattern comprising:

in a first direction, a central cylindrical ultrasonic resonator having a first size alternating with a second cylindrical ultrasonic resonator having a second size; and

in a second direction, the central cylindrical ultrasonic resonator alternating with a third cylindrical ultrasonic resonator having a third size.

17. The system as in claim 16 , wherein the central cylindrical ultrasonic resonator comprises a diameter of at least 3.5 μm, wherein the second cylindrical ultrasonic resonator comprises a diameter of at least 8 μm, and wherein the third ultrasonic resonator comprises a diameter of at least 16 μm.

18. The system as in claim 1 , wherein the biomarker sensitive hydrogel is unconstrained to allow swelling or shrinking of the hydrogel in multiple dimensions.

19. The system as in claim 1 , wherein the system is configured to identify a shift in a frequency position of a maxima of absorption for the biomarker sensitive hydrogel.

20. The system as in claim 1 , wherein the ultrasound transducer is particularly configured to emit an ultrasonic frequency that causes the biomarker sensitive hydrogel to resonate.

21. The system as in claim 1 , wherein the biomarker sensitive hydrogel is attached to a contrast structure.

22. A computer-implemented method for using ultrasound to identify one or more changes in a biomarker sensitive hydrogel configured to be positioned within an in vivo environment, the method comprising:

at a first time, receiving data from an ultrasound receiver, the data comprising one or more characteristics of the biomarker sensitive hydrogel, wherein the biomarker sensitive hydrogel is unconstrained, so as to be configured to resonate;

determining a resonance frequency or acoustic absorption of the biomarker sensitive hydrogel;

at a second time, receiving additional data from the ultrasound receiver, the additional data comprising one or more updated characteristics of the biomarker sensitive hydrogel;

determining an updated resonance frequency or updated acoustic absorption of the biomarker sensitive hydrogel; and

calculating a concentration of a biomarker based on the resonance frequency or acoustic absorption, and the updated resonance frequency or updated acoustic absorption of the biomarker sensitive hydrogel.