Synergistic toughening of epoxy modified by graphene and block copolymer
Embodiments are directed to compositions comprising (i) amphiphilic block copolymer, (ii) resin material; and amine modified graphene oxide; where the composition shows a synergic effect in critical strain energy release rate (Glc) value versus predicted value calculated by adding (i) the Glc value for neat resin material, plus (ii) the difference in Glc found when adding the amphiphilic block copolymer to the resin material versus the neat resin material, plus (iii) the difference in Glc found when adding the amine modified graphene oxide to the resin material versus the neat resin material.
1. A composition comprising:
an amphiphilic block copolymer in a range of 0.04 wt % to 5 wt % of the composition, the amphiphilic block copolymer comprising:
at least one epoxy miscible block, comprising at least one poly(alkylene oxide); and
at least one epoxy immiscible block, wherein the amphiphilic block copolymer forms a substantially spherical micelle;
a resin material; and
an amine modified graphene oxide;
wherein the composition shows a synergic effect in critical strain energy release rate (GI c ) value versus predicted value calculated by adding (i) the GI c value for neat resin material, plus (ii) the difference in GI c found when adding the amphiphilic block copolymer to the resin material versus the neat resin material, plus (iii) the difference in GI c found when adding the amine modified graphene oxide to the resin material versus the neat resin material and the composition is free of a bond between the amphiphilic block copolymer and the amine modified graphene oxide.
2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the epoxy immiscible block comprises poly(butylene oxide).
3. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the amphiphilic block copolymer has a molecular weight (M n ) of from about 1000 to about 30,000.
4. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the weight ratio of epoxy miscible block to epoxy immiscible block ranges from 9:1 to 1:9.
5. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the amount of amine modified graphene oxide is about 0.04 wt % to about 5 wt % based on the total weight of the composition.
6. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the amine modified graphene oxide comprises surface modification with amine-terminated poly(butadiene-acrylonitrile).
7. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the amine modified graphene oxide comprises amine-functionalized exfoliated graphene oxide.
8. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the block copolymer comprises at least one of poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(butylene oxide)(PEO-b-PBO) and poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(butylene oxide)-b-poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO-b-PBO-b-PEO).
9. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the resin material comprises one or both of epoxy or polyurethane.
10. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the resin comprises an epoxy vinyl ester resin comprising the reaction product of (a) a polyepoxide resin; and
(b) an unsaturated carboxylic acid, or a mixture of an unsaturated carboxylic acid and maleic anhydride.
11. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the amine modified graphene oxide is produced by a process comprising (i) reacting graphene oxide with a diisocyanate compound to produce an isocyanate-modified graphene oxide and (ii) reacting the isocyanate-modified graphene oxide with diamine compound to produce the amine modified graphene oxide.
12. The composition of claim 1 , comprising:
about 75 wt % to about 98 wt % resin material;
about 2 to about 5 wt % amphiphilic block copolymer, and
about 0.04 wt % to about 5 wt % of amine modified graphene oxide;
the weight percentages based on the total weight of the composition.
13. A process for producing the composition of claim 1 comprising:
(a) dissolving an amphiphilic block copolymer in a solvent to produce an amphiphilic block copolymer solution and forming a substantially spherical micelle:
said amphiphilic block copolymer comprising at least one epoxy miscible block and at least one epoxy immiscible block;
(b) adding amine-modified graphene oxide to the amphiphilic block copolymer solution to produce a graphene oxide containing mixture;
(c) mixing a resin component into graphene oxide containing mixture to produce a resin containing mixture; and
(d) removing the solvent from the resin containing mixture to produce a solvent-free mixture.
14. The process of claim 13 , further comprising:
(e) adding a catalyst to the solvent-free mixture to produce a catalyst-containing mixture;
(f) adding the catalyst-containing mixture to a mold and heating the catalyst-containing mixture to produce a molded article; and
(g) removing the molded article from the mold.
15. The process of claim 13 , wherein the amine modified graphene oxide comprises surface modification with amine-terminated poly(butadiene-acrylonitrile).
16. The process of claim 13 , wherein the amphiphilic block copolymer comprises at least one of poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(butylene oxide)(PEO-b-PBO) and poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(butylene oxide)-b-poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO-b-PBO-b-PEO).
17. The process of claim 13 , wherein the resin material comprises one or both of epoxy or polyurethane.
18. The process of claim 13 , wherein the amine modified graphene oxide is produced by a process comprising (i) reacting graphene oxide with a diisocyanate compound to produce an isocyanate-modified graphene oxide and (ii) reacting the isocyanate-modified graphene oxide with a diamine compound to produce the amine modified graphene oxide.
19. The process of claim 13 , wherein the solvent free mixture comprises:
about 75 wt % to about 98 wt % resin material;
about 2 to about 20 wt % block copolymer; and
about 0.04 wt % to about 5 wt % of amine modified graphene oxide;
the weight percentages based on the total weight of the solvent free mixture.
20. The composition of claim 1 , comprising a distribution of the substantially spherical micelles, each having a diameter in a range of 29 nm to 47 nm.