Apparatus and method for establishing quantum oscillations
Apparatus and method establish quantum oscillations at room temperature. A cavity has therein a resonator structure that includes a resonant element and a gain medium. A species of the gain medium has an electronic spin multiplicity capable of supporting a two-level spin system. An optical pump pumps the resonator structure and thereby generates microwave output power through stimulated emission of thermal photons. The species of the gain medium is of a sufficiently high concentration such as to have an ensemble spin-photon coupling rate which exceeds both the cavity mode decay rate and the spin-spin decoherence rate. The optical pump pumps the resonator structure using a short pulse of nanosecond duration, or a burst of approximately a millisecond in duration at relatively low instantaneous optical power, to excite said species of the gain medium into a spin-polarized two-level system that exhibits quantum oscillations in the microwave output power.
1. Apparatus for establishing quantum oscillations, specifically Rabi oscillations, at room temperature, the apparatus comprising:
a cavity having a resonator structure therein, the resonator structure comprising a resonant element and a gain medium, a species of the gain medium having an electronic spin multiplicity capable of supporting a two-level spin system; and
an optical pump arranged to pump the resonator structure and thereby generate microwave output power through stimulated emission of microwave photons;
wherein said species of the gain medium is of a sufficiently high concentration such as to have an ensemble spin-photon coupling rate which exceeds both the cavity mode decay rate and the spin-spin decoherence rate; and
wherein the optical pump is configured to pump the resonator structure using a short pulse of nanosecond duration, or sustained optical pumping of a millisecond in duration, to excite said species of the gain medium into a spin-polarized two-level system that exhibits the Rabi oscillations in the microwave output power.
2. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the optical pump comprises one of:
a pulsed laser;
a laser diode;
a light emitting diode; and
a flash lamp.
3. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the gain medium comprises a polyaromatic hydrocarbon.
4. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the concentration of said species of the gain medium is of the order of 0.1% or greater.
5. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the gain medium comprises one of:
diamond with nitrogen vacancy centres, such that said species comprises nitrogen vacancy centres; and
silicon carbide with vacancy defects, such that said species comprises vacancy defects.
6. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the gain medium is a single crystal.
7. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the resonant element has a quality factor of the order of 10,000 or greater.
8. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the resonant element has a magnetic mode volume of 50 cm 3 or less, in respect of a resonant frequency of the order of 1.45 GHz.
9. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the gain medium is disposed within the resonant element.
10. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the resonant element comprises one of:
strontium titanate;
titanium dioxide;
potassium tantalate; and
alumina.
11. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the resonant element comprises an electrically inductive metallic loop structure having one or more half-turns, and an electrically, capacitive structure.
12. A method of establishing quantum oscillations, specifically Rabi oscillations at room temperature, the method comprising:
providing a cavity having a resonator structure therein, the resonator structure comprising a resonant element and a gain medium, a species of the gain medium having an electronic spin multiplicity capable of supporting a two-level spin system; and
optical pumping the resonator structure and thereby generating microwave output power through stimulated emission of microwave photons;
wherein said species of the gain medium is of a sufficiently high concentration such as to have an ensemble spin-photon coupling rate which exceeds both the cavity mode decay rate and the spin-spin decoherence rate; and
wherein the optical pumping pumps the resonator structure using a short pulse of nanosecond duration, or sustained optical pumping of a millisecond in duration, to excite said species of the gain medium into a spin-polarized two-level system that exhibits the Rabi oscillations in the microwave output power.
13. The method according to claim 12 , wherein the optical pumping is performed using one of;
a pulsed laser;
a laser diode;
a light emitting diode; and
a flash lamp.
14. The method according to claim 12 , wherein the gain medium comprises a polyaromatic hydrocarbon.
15. The method according to claim 12 , wherein the gain medium comprises one of:
diamond with nitrogen vacancy centres, such that said species comprises nitrogen vacancy centre; and
silicon carbide with vacancy defects, such that said species comprises vacancy defects.
16. The method according to claim 12 , wherein the resonant element has a magnetic mode volume of 50 cm 3 or less, in respect of a resonant frequency of the order of 1.45 GHz.
17. The method according to claim 12 , wherein said species of the gain medium has a spin-photon coupling rate of the order of 1 MHz or above.
18. The method according to claim 12 , further comprising supplying input radiation to manipulate the spin system of the gain medium.
19. The method according to claim 12 , wherein the exhibited Rabi oscillations have a Rabi oscillation frequency of the order of 1-2 MHz.
20. The method according to claim 12 , wherein the exhibited Rabi oscillations are at least 10 in number.