Solar cell comprising a metal-oxide buffer layer and method of fabrication
A perovskite-based solar cell comprising a transparent electrode disposed on a buffer layer that protects the perovskite from damage during the deposition of the electrode is disclosed. The buffer material is deposited using either low-temperature atomic-layer deposition, chemical-vapor deposition, or pulsed chemical-vapor deposition. In some embodiments, the perovskite material is operative as an absorption layer in a multi-cell solar-cell structure. In some embodiments, the perovskite material is operative as an absorption layer in a single junction solar cell structure.
1. A method for forming a perovskite-based solar cell operative for converting a first light signal ( 124 ) into electrical energy, the method including:
providing a first absorption layer ( 110 ) comprising a first perovskite ( 112 ), the first absorption layer being operative for absorbing at least a first portion (P 1 ) of the first light signal;
forming a buffer layer ( 116 ) that is disposed on the first absorption layer, the buffer layer including a first layer ( 118 ) comprising a first metal oxide, wherein the first layer is formed at a temperature that is less than or equal to 150° C. using a process selected from the group consisting of atomic-layer deposition (ALE), chemical-vapor deposition (CVD) and pulsed-chemical-vapor deposition (p-CVD); and
forming a first electrical contact ( 122 ) on the buffer layer, wherein the first electrical contact is substantially transparent for at least a portion of the first light signal.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the first layer is formed such that it is substantially conformal with a first surface (S 1 ) of the first absorption layer.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the buffer layer is formed such that it includes a second layer ( 120 ) comprising a second metal oxide.
4. The method of claim 3 wherein the first metal oxide is selected from the group consisting of tin oxide, zinc oxide, and titanium oxide, and wherein the second metal oxide is zinc tin oxide (ZTO).
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the first perovskite includes cesium.
6. The method of claim 1 further comprising forming the first absorption layer such that it is disposed on a second absorption layer ( 604 ) that is operative for absorbing a at least a second portion (P 2 ) of the first light signal.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the first electrical contact is formed via a process selected from the group consisting of sputter deposition, evaporation, chemical-vapor deposition, physical-vapor deposition, and spin coating.
8. A method for forming a perovskite-based solar cell operative for converting a first light signal ( 124 ) into electrical energy, the method including:
providing a first absorption layer ( 110 ) comprising a first perovskite ( 112 ), the first absorption layer being operative for absorbing at least a first portion (P 1 ) of the first light signal;
forming a buffer layer ( 116 ) that is disposed on the first absorption layer, the buffer layer consisting of metal oxide; and
forming a first electrical contact ( 122 ) on the buffer layer, wherein the first electrical contact is substantially transparent for at least a portion of the first light signal.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein the buffer layer is formed such that it includes a first layer consisting of a first metal oxide and a second layer ( 120 ) consisting of a second metal oxide.
10. The method of claim 8 further comprising forming the first absorption layer such that it is disposed on a second absorption layer ( 604 ) that is operative for absorbing a at least a second portion (P 2 ) of the first light signal.
11. The method of claim 8 wherein the buffer layer is formed at a temperature that is less than or equal to 150° C. using a process selected from the group consisting of atomic-layer deposition (ALE), chemical-vapor deposition (CVD) and pulsed-chemical-vapor deposition (p-CVD).