Proteomics and spatial patterning using antenna networks

1. A library of antenna oligonucleotides, each antenna oligonucleotide comprising:

i) a partially-double-stranded hairpin structure having a loop region and a single stranded 3′ end;

ii) a primer-binding sequence at the 3′ end of the hairpin structure;

iii) a sequence 5′ of the primer-binding sequence comprising a unique antenna identifier (UAI) sequence, wherein the UAI sequence is part of or partially part of the single stranded 3′ end or is part of the double stranded region, and wherein each antenna has a unique UAI sequence as compared to any other antenna oligonucleotide in the library;

iv) a double-stranded sequence 5′ of the UAI comprising a universal hybridization sequence that is the same for all of the antenna oligonucleotides in the library;

v) a double-stranded palindromic sequence of at least 4 nucleotides 5′ of the universal hybridization sequence;

vi) a modification between the palindromic sequence and the loop region of the hairpin on the 3′ side of the loop that terminates polymerization primed from the primer binding sequence at the 3′ end of the hairpin structure; and

vii) a binding moiety on the loop region for labeling biological modules.

2. The library of claim 1 , wherein the single stranded sequence comprises a modification before the double stranded region of the hairpin structure that weakens DNA hybridization after primer binding to the primer binding sequence and extension of the primer, optionally, wherein the modification comprises a bulge nucleotide or a phosphorothioate modification;

wherein the binding moiety comprises a biotin molecule or a Click chemistry moiety; and/or

wherein the modification that terminates polymerization comprises a non-DNA spacer or an Iso-dC/dG pair.

3. A method of establishing an antenna network in discrete biological modules comprising linking a library of antenna oligonucleotides to proteins in one ore more biological modules, wherein the one or more biological modules are optionally fixed,

wherein each antenna oligonucleotide comprises:

i) a partially-double-stranded hairpin structure having a loop region and a single stranded 3′ end;

ii) a primer-binding sequence at the 3′ end of the hairpin structure;

iii) a sequence 5′ of the primer-binding sequence comprising a unique antenna identifier (UAI) sequence, wherein the UAI sequence is part of or partially part of the single stranded 3′ end or is part of the double stranded region, and wherein each antenna has a unique UAI sequence as compared to any other antenna oligonucleotide in the library;

iv) a double-stranded sequence 5′ of the UAI comprising a universal hybridization sequence that is the same for all of the antenna oligonucleotides in the library;

v) a double-stranded palindromic sequence of at least 4 nucleotides 5′ of the universal hybridization sequence;

vi) a modification between the palindromic sequence and the loop region of the hairpin on the 3′ side of the loop that terminates polymerization primed from the primer binding sequence at the 3′ end of the hairpin structure; and

vii) a binding moiety on the loop region for labeling biological modules.

4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the single stranded sequence comprises a modification before the double stranded region of the hairpin structure that weakens DNA hybridization after extension of the primer on the primer binding sequence, optionally, wherein the modification comprises a bulge nucleotide or a phosphorothioate modification.

5. The method of claim 3 , wherein the modification that terminates polymerization comprises a non-DNA spacer or an Iso-dC/dG pair.

6. The method of claim 3 , wherein the one or more biological modules comprise a protein complex, optionally, wherein the protein complex comprises nucleic acids, optionally, wherein the nucleic acids comprise genomic DNA; or

wherein the one or more biological modules comprise a cell, population of cells, organelle, or exosome.

7. The method of claim 3 , wherein linking a library of antenna oligonucleotides to proteins in one or more biological modules is via protein linker molecules linked to proteins in the one or more biological modules, and wherein the protein linker molecules comprise biotin or click-chemistry moieties, optionally, wherein linking antenna oligonucleotides to the protein linker molecules comprises binding biotin linked antenna oligonucleotides to biotin linker molecules via avidin molecules or binding antenna oligonucleotides to the linker molecules via click-chemistry.

8. The method of claim 3 , wherein the biological modules are further labeled with one or more affinity ligands specific for a biomolecule, wherein the one or more affinity ligands are linked to an ABC oligonucleotide comprising an antibody barcode (ABC) that identifies the biomolecule the affinity ligand is specific for and a universal hybridization sequence complementary with the universal hybridization sequence of the antenna library; and/or

wherein the biological modules are further modified by tagmentation of genomic DNA present in the biological modules with adaptors comprising a universal hybridization sequence complementary with the universal hybridization sequence of the antenna library.

9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the one or more affinity ligands comprise affinity ligands specific for histone modifications, whereby chromatin modifications are mapped to genomic loci.

10. The method of claim 3 , wherein before establishing an antenna network the method further comprises:

a) segregating single cells into discrete volumes; and

b) covalently labeling proteins from single cells with protein labeling oligonucleotides, said oligonucleotides comprising cell of origin barcodes and a universal hybridization sequence complementary with the universal hybridization sequence of the antenna library.

11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the method further comprises tagmentation of genomic DNA in the discrete volumes with adaptors comprising a universal hybridization sequence complementary with the universal hybridization sequence of the antenna library, optionally comprising the cell of origin barcode.

12. The method of claim 10 , wherein the method further comprises capturing mRNA on capture oligonucleotides in the discrete volumes, said oligonucleotides comprising poly dT, the cell of origin barcodes for the discrete volume, and optionally a UMI.

13. The method of claim 10 , wherein the discrete volumes comprise droplets, microfluidic chambers, or microwells, optionally, wherein the discrete volumes are droplets comprising beads labeled with the protein labeling oligonucleotides, optionally, wherein the beads are further labeled with the mRNA capture oligonucleotides.

14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the protein labeling oligonucleotides are cleavable; and/or wherein the mRNA capture oligonucleotides are cleavable, optionally, wherein the oligonucleotides are chemically-cleavable, enzymatically cleavable, or photocleavable.

15. A system for mapping the proximity between biomolecules in discrete biological modules comprising:

a) a library of antenna oligonucleotides according to claim 1 configured for labeling biomolecules, wherein the binding moiety on the loop region is capable of being linked to a protein;

b) one or more affinity ligands specific for a biomolecule, wherein the one or more affinity ligands are linked to an ABC oligonucleotide comprising an antibody barcode (ABC) that identifies the biomolecule the affinity ligand is specific for and a universal hybridization sequence complementary with the universal hybridization sequence of the antenna library;

c) primers complementary to the primer-binding sequence of the antenna library; and

d) isothermal extension reagents.

16. The system of claim 15 , further comprising a transposase loaded with tagmentation adaptors comprising a universal hybridization sequence complementary with the universal hybridization sequence of the antenna library.

17. The system of claim 15 , further comprising beads labeled with protein labeling oligonucleotides configured for labeling proteins, said oligonucleotides comprising a protein linking moiety, a cell of origin barcode specific for each bead, and a universal hybridization sequence complementary with the universal hybridization sequence of the antenna library, optionally, wherein the beads are further labeled with mRNA capture oligonucleotides, said oligonucleotides comprising poly dT, the cell of origin barcodes for the bead, and optionally a UMI, optionally, wherein the protein labeling oligonucleotides are cleavable; and/or wherein the mRNA capture oligonucleotides are cleavable, optionally, wherein the oligonucleotides are chemically-cleavable, enzymatically cleavable, or photocleavable.

18. An oligonucleotide-labeled bead for analyzing proteins expressed in single cells, wherein said bead comprises a plurality of first oligonucleotides, wherein each of said first oligonucleotides comprises:

a) a cleavable linker directly attached to the bead;

b) a protein linking moiety, wherein the protein linking moiety is a photoreactive group configured to covalently link to proteins upon experimentally defined illumination or is a click chemistry group configured to covalently link to proteins;

c) a cell barcode sequence, wherein the cell barcode sequence is the same across all oligonucleotides on said bead, but varies among the oligonucleotides on any other individual bead; and

d) a universal hybridization sequence.

19. The oligonucleotide-labeled bead of claim 18 , wherein the linker is chemically-cleavable, enzymatically cleavable, or photocleavable.

20. The oligonucleotide-labeled bead of claim 18 , further comprising a plurality of second oligonucleotides on said bead, said second oligonucleotides comprising:

a) a linker directly attached to the bead;

b) the cell barcode sequence; and

c) an oligonucleotide redundant sequence for capturing polyadenylated mRNAs and priming reverse transcription.

21. The oligonucleotide-labeled bead of claim 20 , wherein the oligonucleotide sequence for capturing polyadenylated mRNAs and priming reverse transcription is an oligo dT sequence;

wherein each second oligonucleotide comprises a Unique Molecular Identifier (UMI);

wherein the second oligonucleotide linker is chemically-cleavable, enzymatically cleavable, or photocleavable, optionally, wherein the second oligonucleotide linker is differentially cleavable as compared to the first oligonucleotide linker, whereby each linker is capable of cleavage at experimentally defined times; and/or

wherein the second oligonucleotides comprise 1-5% of oligonucleotides on said bead and the oligonucleotides for protein linking comprise 95-99% of oligonucleotides on said bead.

22. The method of claim 3 , further comprising:

a) incubating the biological modules having an established antenna network with extension reagents and primers complementary to the primer binding sequence on the antenna network under isothermal conditions; and

b) sequencing the reporter molecules generated to locate the positions of the antenna oligonucleotides on the antenna network.

23. The method of claim 22 , wherein the primer binding sequence comprises a modification that weakens DNA hybridization after extension of the primer on the primer binding sequence, optionally, wherein the modification comprises a bulge nucleotide or a phosphorothioate modification; and/or wherein the extension reagents comprise a strand displacement polymerase.

24. The method of claim 8 , further comprising:

a) incubating the biological modules having an established antenna network with extension reagents and primers complementary to the primer binding sequence on the antenna network under isothermal conditions; and

b) sequencing the reporter molecules generated to locate the positions of the antenna oligonucleotides and biomolecules on the antenna network.

25. The method of claim 24 , wherein the primer binding sequence comprises a modification that weakens DNA hybridization after extension of the primer on the primer binding sequence, optionally, wherein the modification comprises a bulge nucleotide or a phosphorothioate modification; and/or wherein the extension reagents comprise a strand displacement polymerase.

26. The method of claim 8 , wherein the ABC oligonucleotide further comprises a unique molecular identifier (UMI); and/or

wherein the affinity ligands are antibodies, antibody fragments or aptamers; and/or

wherein the affinity ligands are specific for membrane proteins; and/or

wherein the distance over which DNA proximity occurs is about 6-40 nM; and/or

wherein the one or more biological modules are fixed.