Energy efficient membrane-based process for CO
Processes and systems for the energy efficient capture of CO 2 from a flue gas stream such as produced or resulting from power plant operation, are provided. The processes and systems integrate the use of high CO 2 /N 2 selectivity membranes and high CO 2 flux membranes, to capture CO 2 . Useful membranes can desirably be graphene oxide-based membranes.
1. A system for capture of CO 2 from a flue gas stream, the system comprising:
a first stage membrane separator containing a first stage CO 2 /N 2 selectivity membrane, wherein the first stage CO 2 /N 2 selectivity membrane is a graphene oxide-based membrane;
a first stage vacuum pump to provide a vacuum on a permeate side of the first stage CO 2 /N 2 selectivity membrane;
wherein the first stage membrane separator produces a first stage CO 2 -depleted retentate stream and a first stage CO 2 -enriched permeate stream;
a second stage membrane separator containing a second stage high-flux membrane having a CO 2 permeance of ≥1,000 Gas Permeation Unit (GPU), wherein the second stage high-flux membrane is a graphene oxide-based membrane, the second stage membrane separator receiving the first stage CO 2 -depleted retentate stream;
a second stage vacuum pump to provide a vacuum on a permeate side of the second stage high-flux membrane; and
a blower between the second stage vacuum pump and the first stage membrane separator;
wherein the second stage membrane separator produces a second stage CO 2 -depleted retentate stream and a second stage CO 2 -enriched permeate stream, wherein the second stage CO 2 -enriched permeate stream is introduced back as a feed to the first stage membrane separator via the blower.
2. The system of claim 1 wherein the flue gas stream contains at least 5 vol. % CO 2 , the system further includes a feed line to introduce the flue gas stream containing at least 5 vol. % CO 2 to the first stage membrane separator.
3. The system of claim 1 wherein the flue gas stream contains less than 5 vol. % CO 2 , the system further includes a feed line to introduce the flue gas stream containing less than 5 vol. % CO 2 to the second stage membrane separator.
4. The system of claim 1 additionally comprising a cooler to cool at least one of the first stage CO 2 -enriched permeate stream and the second stage CO 2 -enriched permeate stream to condense and separate water therefrom.
5. The system of claim 1 wherein the first stage CO 2 /N 2 selectivity membrane has a target CO 2 /N 2 selectivity of ≥120.
6. The system of claim 1 additionally comprising a cooler to cool the first stage CO 2 -enriched permeate stream, disposed between the first stage vacuum pump and the first stage membrane separator.
7. The system of claim 1 wherein the second stage CO 2 -enriched permeate stream is introduced to the flue gas before the first stage membrane separator.
8. The system of claim 7 additionally comprising a cooler to cool the first stage CO 2 -enriched permeate stream, disposed between the first stage vacuum pump and the first stage membrane separator.
9. The system of claim 1 wherein the flue gas is introduced to the first stage CO 2 -depleted retentate stream before the second stage membrane separator.
10. The system of claim 9 additionally comprising a cooler to cool the second stage CO 2 -enriched permeate stream, disposed between the second stage vacuum pump and the second stage membrane separator.
11. The system of claim 10 additionally comprising a water removal device between the cooler and the second stage vacuum pump.
12. The system of claim 11 additionally comprising a cooler to cool the first stage CO 2 -enriched permeate stream, disposed between the first stage membrane separator and the first stage vacuum pump.
13. The system of claim 11 wherein the blower is configured to introduce the flue gas stream and the second stage CO 2 -enriched permeate stream to the first stage membrane separator.
14. The system of claim 1 additionally comprising a feed line with a second blower to introduce the flue gas stream directly to the second stage membrane separator.
15. The system of claim 14 , wherein the flue gas stream is introduced with the first stage CO 2 -depleted retentate stream to the second stage membrane separator.
16. An energy efficient process using the system of claim 1 for the capture of CO 2 from a flue gas stream containing at least 5 vol. % CO 2 , the process comprising:
introducing the flue gas stream containing at least 5 vol. % CO 2 to the first stage membrane separator containing the first stage CO 2 /N 2 selectivity membrane to produce the first stage CO 2 -depleted retentate stream and a first stage CO 2 -enriched permeate stream;
introducing the first stage CO 2 -depleted retentate stream to the second stage membrane separator containing the second stage high-flux membrane to produce the second stage further CO 2 -depleted retentate stream and a second stage CO 2 -enriched permeate stream;
treating the second stage CO 2 -enriched permeate stream to recover water and form a recyclable CO 2 stream;
introducing the recyclable CO 2 stream to the first stage membrane separator;
treating the first stage CO 2 -enriched permeate stream to recover water and form a non-condensable CO 2 -rich stream; and
compressing the CO 2 of the non-condensable CO 2 -rich stream to form a capture quantity of CO 2 .
17. An energy efficient process using the system of claim 1 for the capture of CO 2 from a flue gas stream containing less than 5 vol. % CO 2 , the process comprising:
introducing the flue gas stream containing less than 5 vol. % CO 2 to the second stage membrane separator containing the second stage high-flux membrane to produce the second stage CO 2 -depleted retentate stream and the second stage CO 2 -enriched permeate stream;
treating the second stage CO 2 -enriched permeate stream to recover water and form a recyclable CO 2 stream;
introducing the recyclable CO 2 stream to the first stage membrane separator containing a first stage CO 2 /N 2 selectivity membrane to produce the first stage CO 2 -depleted retentate stream and the first stage CO 2 -enriched permeate stream;
treating the first stage CO 2 -enriched permeate stream to recover water and form a non-condensable CO 2 -rich stream;
introducing the first stage CO 2 -depleted retentate stream to the second stage membrane separator; and
compressing the non-condensable CO 2 -rich stream to a sequestration pressure.