Methods of sulfurizing metal containing particles
Methods of sulfurizing metal containing particles in the absence of hydrogen are described. One method includes contacting a bed of metal containing particles with a gaseous stream comprising hydrogen sulfide and inert gas under reaction conditions sufficient to produce sulfided metal containing particles. The gaseous stream is introduced into a vertical reactor at an inlet positioned at the bottom portion of the reactor and any unreacted hydrogen sulfide and inert gas is removed at an outlet positioned above the inlet. The sulfided metal containing particles can be removed from the reactor and stored.
1. A method of sulfurizing metal containing particles comprising:
(a) contacting a bed comprising metal containing particles with a gaseous stream comprising hydrogen sulfide at conditions sufficient to produce sulfided metal containing particles and partially sulfided metal containing particles in the bed, wherein the gaseous stream is introduced into the bottom portion of the bed and any unreacted hydrogen sulfide is removed through an outlet proximate an upper portion of the bed;
(b) removing of the sulfided metal containing particles from the bed; and
(c) providing unsulfided metal containing particles to the top portion of the bed, above the partially sulfided metal containing particles;
wherein step (a) is performed at ambient pressure to 195 kPa;
wherein steps (a), (b), or (c), or any combinations thereof are performed in the absence of hydrogen gas; and
wherein the metal containing particles remain substantially stationary during step (a).
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method is performed off-site.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sulfided metal containing particles are positioned below the partially sulfided metal containing particles.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein steps (b) and (c) are done sequentially.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein steps (b) and (c) are done simultaneously.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least 25% of the initial amount of metal containing particles are sulfided.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein a majority of the produced sulfided metal containing particles are removed from the bottom portion of the bed.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein substantially all of the sulfided metal containing particles are removed from the bed, and wherein 100% of the removed metal containing particles are sulfided.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the gaseous stream further comprises an inert gas selected from nitrogen, argon, helium, methane, carbon dioxide, and mixtures thereof.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the gaseous stream flows in an upwardly direction through the bed.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the bed is vertical, and gaseous stream flows from the bottom portion of the reactor, through the bed, and then out the outlet.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein water and unused hydrogen sulfide are comprised in the gaseous stream removed through the outlet.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein contacting is performed at a temperature of 250° C. or less and a pressure from 101 kPa to 195 kPa.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein unsulfided metal containing particles are comprised in the bed after contact with the gaseous stream, and the unsulfided metal containing particles are positioned above the partially sulfided metal particles.