Three-dimensional ion transport networks and current collectors for electrochemical cells
Provided herein are three-dimensional ion transport networks and current collectors for electrodes of electrochemical cells. Exemplary electrodes include interconnected layers and channels including an electrolyte to facilitate ion transport. Exemplary electrodes also include three dimensional current collectors, such as current collectors having electronically conducting rods, electronically conducting layers or a combination thereof.
1. An electrode comprising:
a. an electrode material comprising at least two layers of a first type, each layer of the first type comprising an active material;
b. a current collector assembly comprising:
i. a primary current collector element, wherein the primary current collector element is in the form of a layer; and
ii. at least one auxiliary current collector element selected from the group consisting of: a plurality of current collector layers, a plurality of current collector layer segments, a plurality of current collector rods and combinations thereof; wherein the plurality of current collector layers, if present, are parallel with respect to each other, the plurality of current collector layer segments, if present, are parallel with respect to each other, and the plurality of current collector rods, if present, are parallel with respect to each other; and
c. at least one layer of a second type, each layer of the second type comprising an electrolyte;
wherein said at least one auxiliary current collector element is in electronic communication with said primary current collector element;
wherein each layer of the second type separates layers of the first type.
2. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein said at least one auxiliary current collector element comprises a combination of the plurality of current collector rods and the plurality of current collector layers, wherein each of said plurality of current collector rods is substantially perpendicular to said primary current collector element, each of said plurality of current collector layers is substantially parallel to said primary current collector element, each of said plurality of current collector layers comprises a first plurality of apertures and each of said plurality of current collector rods passes through at least one of said apertures of said plurality of current collector layers; and wherein each aperture of each of said plurality of current collector layers is aligned with an aperture of each of all other of said plurality of current collector layers.
3. The electrode of claim 2 , wherein said electrode material comprises a plurality of layers comprising an active material, wherein each layer comprising an active material is separated from each adjacent layer comprising an active material by one of said plurality of current collector layers, each layer comprising an active material further comprises a second plurality of apertures and each of said plurality of current collector rods passes through at least one aperture of said second plurality of apertures of said plurality of layers comprising an active material; wherein the plurality of layers comprising an active material are parallel with respect to each other, and the second plurality of apertures are parallel with respect to each other.
4. The electrode of claim 2 , wherein said at least one auxiliary current collector element further comprises the plurality of current collector layer segments, each of said plurality of current collector layer segments comprises a third plurality of apertures and each of said plurality of current collector rods passes through at least one aperture of said third plurality of apertures of said plurality of current collector layer segments; and wherein the third plurality of apertures are parallel with respect to each other.
5. An electrochemical cell comprising:
a. a first electrode according to claim 1 ;
b. a second electrode; and
c. an ionically conducting and electronically insulating separator layer disposed between the first and the second electrode.
6. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein each layer of the first type is provided along a first layer alignment axis that is parallel to each other first layer alignment axis; and wherein each layer of the second type is parallel to the first layer alignment axis of an adjacent layer of the first type.
7. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein each layer of the first type and each layer of the second type are parallel with each other layer of the first type and each other layer of the second type.
8. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein each layer of the first type is separated from each adjacent layer of the first type by a layer of the second type or by a current collector layer of the at least one auxiliary current collector element.
9. An electrode comprising:
a. an electrode material comprising at least two layers of a first type, each layer of the first type comprising an active material;
b. a current collector assembly comprising:
i. a primary current collector element, wherein the primary current collector element is in the form of a layer; and
ii. at least one auxiliary current collector layer; and
c. at least one layer of a second type, each layer of the second type comprising an electrolyte; wherein:
each auxiliary current collector layer is parallel to each other auxiliary current collector, if present;
each auxiliary current collector layer is parallel to each of the at least two layers of the first type;
each auxiliary current collector layer is in electronic communication with the primary current collector element; and
wherein each layer of the second type separates layers of the first type.
10. The electrode of claim 9 , wherein each layer of the first type and each layer of the second type are parallel with each other layer of the first type and each other layer of the second type.