Enhanced carbon-enzyme membrane for a working electrode of a continuous biological sensor
Briefly, a sensor for a continuous biological monitor is provided that has a working electrode with an enhanced carbon-enzyme layer that in one embodiment is made by mixing an aqueous polyurethane emulsion with an acrylic polyol emulsion to make a base emulsion. An enzyme and carbon materials are added to the base emulsion, which is applied to the working electrode and cured. The carbon materials may include carbon and graphite to provide strength, as well as graphene or pyrolytic graphite to provide a desirable electrical resistance for the carbon-enzyme layer. Optionally, other additives can be added to the base emulsion prior to application, such as hydophiles, cross linkers, adding imodeoesters, hydroxysuccimide, carboldilite, melamines, epoxies, benzoyl peroxide or dicumyl peroxide.
1. A method of making a carbon-enzyme layer for a working electrode of a continuous biological monitor, the method comprising:
making an aqueous polyurethane emulsion;
making an acrylic polyol emulsion;
mixing the polyurethane emulsion and the acrylic polyol emulsion to make a base emulsion;
adding an enzyme to the base emulsion, the enzyme being selected according to a biological function to be monitored;
adding a carbon material to the base emulsion;
applying the base emulsion having the enzyme and the carbon material to the working electrode;
curing the applied base emulsion to form the carbon-enzyme layer; and
wherein the carbon-enzyme layer is electrically conductive and facilitates a generation of either peroxide or electrons within the carbon-enzyme layer responsive to reacting the enzyme with a target biologic.
2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the enzyme is GOx and the biological function is glucose level.
3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the carbon material comprises carbon, graphite, graphene, or pyrolytic graphite.
4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein an amount of graphene and pyrolytic graphite is selected to set an electrical resistance of the carbon-enzyme layer at less than 500 ohms per square centimeter.
5. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising adding a hydrophile to the base emulsion prior to the applying.
6. The method according to claim 5 , wherein the hydrophile is PVP, PEO or Si-PEO.
7. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising adding a cross-linker to the base emulsion prior to the applying.
8. The method according to claim 7 , wherein the cross-linker is Glutaraldehyde or Polyaziridine.
9. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising adding an imidoester, hydroxysuccinimide, carbodilite, melamine, epoxy, benzoyl peroxide or dicumyl peroxide to the base emulsion prior to the applying.
10. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the applying step comprises dipping, spraying, depositing printing or pad printing.
11. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the curing step comprises moving air, heating, or applying a vacuum.
12. The method according to claim 1 , wherein a ratio of polyurethane emulsion to acrylic polyol emulsion is about 1 to 1 by volume.
13. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the enzyme is lactate dehydrogenase, lactate oxidase or hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase.
14. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the carbon-enzyme layer has an approximate ratio of materials comprising:
0.5 to 2.0 parts polyurethane emulsion;
0.5 to 2.0 parts acrylic polyol emulsion;
0.5 to 2.0 parts carbon materials, wherein the carbon materials further comprise:
0.5 to 1.0 parts graphite;
0.0 to 1.0 parts graphene; and
0.0 to 2.0 parts pyrolytic graphite;
0.0 to 3.0 parts water and a hydrophile; and
0.01 to 0.1 parts enzyme.
15. The method according to claim 14 , wherein a total of graphene and pyrolytic graphite is more than 1.0 parts.
16. The method according to claim 14 , wherein the enzyme is GOx and the biological function is glucose level.
17. A method of making a carbon-enzyme layer for a working electrode of a continuous biological monitor, the method comprising:
making an aqueous silicone dispersion;
making an acrylic polyol emulsion;
mixing the silicone dispersion and the acrylic polyol emulsion to make a base emulsion;
adding an enzyme to the base emulsion, the enzyme being selected according to a biological function to be monitored;
adding a carbon material to the base emulsion;
applying the base emulsion having the enzyme and the carbon material to the working electrode;
curing the applied base emulsion to form the carbon-enzyme layer; and
wherein the carbon-enzyme layer is electrically conductive and facilitates a generation of either peroxide or electrons within the carbon-enzyme layer responsive to reacting the enzyme with a target biologic.
18. The method according to claim 17 , wherein the enzyme is GOx and the biological function is glucose level.
19. The method according to claim 17 , further comprising adding a hydrophile to the base emulsion prior to the applying.
20. The method according to claim 19 , wherein the hydrophile is PVP, PEO or Si-PEO.
21. The method according to claim 17 , further comprising adding a cross-linker to the base emulsion prior to the applying.
22. The method according to claim 17 , further comprising adding an imidoester, hydroxysuccinimide, carbodilite, melamine, epoxy, benzoyl peroxide or dicumyl peroxide to the base emulsion prior to the applying.