Addition of biodegradability lending additives to plastic materials
Described herein are methods for rendering biodegradable a plastic material that is not itself biodegradable, by blending the plastic material with a carbohydrate-based polymeric material that is formed from a) one or more starches and a plasticizer (e.g., glycerin), b) an additive known in the art as an OXO material and/or an additive that interacts with microbes that contribute to biodegradation of the non-biodegradable material. The carbohydrate-based polymeric material is less crystalline than the non-biodegradable materials, e.g., being substantially amorphous, and having a crystallinity of no more than 20%. When tested under conditions causing biodegradation, the blend biodegrades to an extent greater than the content of the carbohydrate-based polymer.
1. A method for lending biodegradability to a plastic material that itself is not otherwise biodegradable, the method comprising:
providing a plastic material that is not biodegradable on its own;
providing a starch-based polymeric material formed from a chemical reaction and/or alternation of starch and a plasticizer, wherein said starch-based polymeric material: (1) is substantially devoid of starch in native form; (2) has a crystallinity of less than about 20% and resists recrystallization; (3) has a water content of no more than about 2% by weight; and (4) when blended in a mixture with the plastic material that is not biodegradable on its own, the blend exhibits a lack of sea-island features within said blend;
providing at least one degradation additive that in combination with at least one of oxygen, ultraviolet light, or microbial action enables biodegradation of the plastic material that is not itself biodegradable; and
blending the starch-based polymeric material, the plastic material and the at least one degradation additive;
wherein at least 10% of the carbon atoms of the plastic material become carbon atoms of at least one of carbon dioxide or methane within about 1 year in simulated landfill conditions, simulated compost conditions or simulated marine conditions.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the at least one degradation additive comprises a material that enhances biodegradation of the plastic material by action of ultraviolet light and/or oxygen.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein the at least one degradation additive comprises a salt of a transition metal, the transition metal comprising one or more of cobalt, iron, manganese, magnesium, nickel or zinc.
4. The method of claim 3 wherein the salt of a transition metal is a salt of iron, magnesium, manganese, or cobalt.
5. The method of claim 3 , wherein the at least one degradation additive comprises a salt of cobalt.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one degradation additive comprises a salt of a transition metal and a component that nurtures one or more microorganisms that enhance biodegradation of the plastic material that is not itself biodegradable, the transition metal comprising at least one of cobalt, iron, manganese, magnesium, nickel or zinc.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the at least one degradation additive comprises a salt of a transition metal and at least one of a sugar or a nitrogen-containing material, the transition metal comprising at least one of cobalt, iron, manganese, magnesium, nickel or zinc.
8. The method of claim 6 wherein the component that nurtures one or more microorganisms comprises one or more of malt extract, maltose, lactose, xylose, glucose, galactose, peptone, yeast extract, or asparagine.
9. The method of claim 6 wherein the component that nurtures one or more microorganisms comprises xylose.
10. The method of claim 6 wherein at least one microorganism secretes the enzyme laccase.
11. The method of claim 6 wherein the microorganism comprises one or more fungi.
12. The method of claim 6 wherein the microorganism comprises one or more bacteria.
13. The method of claim 2 wherein the at least one degradation additive comprises at least one of poly(methyl methacrylate) grafted titanium dioxide, copper phthalocyanine sensitized titanium dioxide, ceria, zinc oxide, copper sulfide, or vanadium(III) acetyl acetonate.
14. The method of claim 6 wherein the at least one degradation additive interacts with enzymes secreted by the microorganism to cause hydrolysis of the non-biodegradable polymer.
15. A method for lending biodegradability to a plastic material that itself is not otherwise biodegradable, the method comprising:
providing a plastic material that is not biodegradable on its own;
providing a starch-based polymeric material formed from a chemical reaction and/or alternation of starch and a plasticizer, wherein said starch-based polymeric material: (1) is substantially devoid of starch in native form; (2) has a crystallinity of less than about 20% and resists recrystallization; (3) has a water content of no more than about 2% by weight and (4) when blended in a mixture with the plastic material that is not biodegradable on its own, the blend exhibits a lack of sea-island features within said blend;
providing at least one degradation additive that in combination with at least one of oxygen, ultraviolet light, or microbial action enables biodegradation of the plastic material that is not itself biodegradable; and
blending the starch-based polymeric materials, the plastic material and the at least one degradation additive;
wherein at least 25% of the carbon atoms of the plastic material become carbon atoms of at least one of carbon dioxide or methane within about three years in simulated landfill conditions, simulated compost conditions or simulated marine conditions.
16. A biodegradable composition comprising:
a non-biodegradable polymer;
a starch-based polymeric material formed from a chemical reaction and/or alternation of starch and a plasticizer, wherein said starch-based polymeric material: (1) is substantially devoid of starch in native form; (2) has a crystallinity of less than about 20% and resists recrystallization; (3) has a water content of no more than about 2% by weight and (4) when blended in a mixture with the non-biodegradable polymer, the blend exhibits a lack of sea-island features within said blend; and
a degradation additive comprising at least one of (i) an OXO additive comprising a salt of a transition metal, the transition metal comprising at least one of cobalt, iron, manganese, magnesium, nickel or zinc, (ii) a sugar or other organic material that provides nutrition and/or a cultured environment for microorganisms that biodegrade the non-biodegradable polymer, or (iii) an inorganic salt that provides nutrition and/or a cultured environment for microorganisms that biodegrade the non-biodegradable polymer.
17. The composition of claim 16 wherein the degradation additive comprises the OXO additive comprising the salt of a transition metal.
18. The composition of claim 17 wherein the salt of a transition metal is a salt of cobalt, magnesium, manganese, or iron.
19. The composition of claim 16 wherein the degradation additive comprises a salt of a transition metal and an organic material that provides nutrition for microorganisms present in an environment in which the composition is discarded.
20. The composition of claim 16 wherein the degradation additive interacts as a catalyst with enzymes produced by microorganisms to promote hydrolysis of the non-biodegradable polymer.