Cantilevers with one- or two-dimensional actuation for on-chip active waveguide coupling alignment
Photonic integrated circuits including controllable cantilevers are described. Such photonic integrated circuits may be used in connection with other optical devices, in which light is transferred between the photonic integrated circuit and one of these optical device. The photonic integrated circuit may comprise an optical waveguide having an end disposed proximate to a facet of the cantilever. The orientation of the cantilever may be actively controlled in one or two dimensions, thus adjusting the orientation of the optical waveguide. Actuation of the cantilever may be performed, for example, thermally and/or electrostatically. Orientation of the cantilever may be performed in such a way to align the optical waveguide with an optical device.
1. A method comprising:
spatially biasing a free end of a photonic integrated circuit cantilever by electrically actuating a cantilever biasing element disposed in the photonic integrated circuit cantilever, the photonic integrated circuit cantilever having a proximal end connected to a substrate; and
securing, using a gluing material, the free end of the photonic integrated circuit cantilever to an optical device disposed outside the substrate to prevent the free end of the cantilever from moving by fixing the alignment of the free end of the cantilever to the optical device disposed outside the substrate.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising coupling an optical signal between a first optical waveguide formed at least partially in the photonic integrated circuit cantilever with a second optical waveguide disposed on the optical device.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein securing the photonic integrated circuit cantilever to the optical device is performed in response to determining that a coupling loss between the first and second optical waveguides is less than a predefined threshold.
4. The method of claim 2 wherein the gluing material is disposed between the first optical waveguide and the second optical waveguide.
5. The method of claim 4 wherein the first optical waveguide is optically coupled to the second optical waveguide.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein electrically activating the cantilever biasing element comprises driving a current through a conductive layer disposed at least partially within the photonic integrated circuit cantilever.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein electrically activating the cantilever biasing element comprises generating a voltage between a first biasing electrode formed in the photonic integrated circuit cantilever and a second biasing electrode disposed in a fixed portion of the substrate.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein the gluing material is an epoxy.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein the free end of the cantilever is separated from the proximal end of the cantilever by a distance that is between 50 μm and 1 mm.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein the cantilever lacks support at least in a region that is within 50 μm from the free end of the cantilever.
11. The method of claim 1 wherein the spatially biasing element is configured to bias the free end of the cantilever in a direction that is out of a plane parallel to a top surface of the substrate.
12. The method of claim 1 wherein the cantilever biasing element is configured to spatially bias the free end of the cantilever in a plane parallel to a top surface of the substrate.
13. The method of claim 1 wherein the free end of the cantilever and the first fixed portion of the cantilever are separated from one another in a direction parallel to a top surface of the substrate.
14. The method of claim 1 wherein the cantilever comprises a first layer having a first coefficient of thermal expansion and a second layer having a second coefficient of thermal expansion, and the cantilever biasing element comprises a conductive layer.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein the conductive layer is disposed in the first layer.
16. The method of claim 1 wherein the optical device has a first optical waveguide that has an end that is within 30 μm from the free end of the cantilever.
17. The method of claim 1 wherein the gluing material secures the free end of the cantilever to a facet of the optical device.
18. The method of claim 1 wherein the optical device is disposed outside the substrate.