Shape memory-based self-healing polymer composite reinforced with graphene foam

1. A shape-memory epoxy polymer graphene foam composite (SMEP-GrF), comprising:

an open cell graphene foam (GrF) surrounded by and infiltrated with a shape-memory epoxy polymer (SMEP) matrix; and

a filler comprising particles that are microparticles, nanoparticles, or a combination thereof,

the particles of the filler comprising fullerenes, graphene platelets, metal oxide particles, polymeric particles, or any combination thereof,

the GrF being an intra-connected framework within at least a portion of the SMEP matrix,

the SMEP-GrF being self-healing,

the self-healing of the SMEP-GrF being thermally actuated and accelerated,

the SMEP-GrF being configured such that the self-healing is triggered by electrical actuation,

the SMEP comprising an epoxy resin, and

the epoxy resin comprising: diglycidyl ethers of: resorcinol; hydroquinone; 4,4′-isopropylidene bisphenol (bisphenol A); bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,2-dichloroethylene (bisphenol C); bis(4-hydroxy-phenyl)methane (bisphenol F); 4,4′-sulfonyldiphenol (bisphenol S); 4,4′-dihydroxybiphenyl, 4,4′-dihydroxybenzophenone (bisphenol K); 4,4′-(9-fluorenylidene)-diphenol; 9,9-bis[4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl]fluorene: 4,4′-dihydroxydiphenylethylmethane; 3,3′-dihydroxydiphenyldiethyl-methane; 3,4′-di-hydroxydiphenylmethylpropylmethane; 4,4′-dihydroxydiphenyloxide; 4,4′-dihydroxy-diphenyl-cyanomethane; 4,4′-dihydroxydiphenyl sulfide; 2,6-dihydroxynaphthalene; 1,3-dihydroxynaphthalene; 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene; 1,6-dihydroxynaphthalene; 1,7-dihydroxynaphthalene; 2,7-dihydroxynaphthalene; catechol; 1,4-butanediol; 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol; 1,2-cyclohexanedimethanol; 1,6-hexanediol; neopentylglycol; ethylene glycol; or combinations thereof,

the GrF being from 0.1 to 1 wt % of the SMEP-GrF,

cells of the open cell GrF having cross-sections that are larger than those of the particles of the filler, such that the particles of the filler are filled in the cells of the open cell GrF, and

the filler residing throughout the entire SMEP matrix.

2. The SMEP-GrF according to claim 1 , the SMEP having a glass transition temperature (T g ) in a range of from 70° C. to 180° C.

3. The SMEP-GrF according to claim 1 , the SMEP-GrF being electrically conductive and thermally conductive.

4. A device, comprising the SMEP-GrF according to claim 1 ,

the device being a reconfigurable rotor blade, spoiler, or aileron.

5. The SMEP-GrF according to claim 1 , the particles of the filler comprising fullerenes.

6. The SMEP-GrF according to claim 1 , the SMEP further comprising a hardener, and

the hardener comprising: 2-amino-3-picoline; 2-amino-6-picoline; 2-aminopyridine; 3-aminopyridine; 4-aminophenol; 2-aminothiazole; 8-aminoquinoline; 8-naphthylamine; ethanolamine; o-anisidine; 2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethanol; benzylamine; propylamine; piperazine; 2-(methylamido)piperazine; 2-methylpiperazine; 2,5-dimethylpiperazine; 2,6-dimethylpiperazine; aniline; 4-(methylamido)aniline; 4-methoxyaniline (p-anisidine); 3-methoxyaniline (m-anisidine); 2-methoxyaniline (o-anisidine); 4-butylaniline; 2-sec-butylaniline; 2-tert-butylaniline; 4-sec-butylaniline; 4-tert-butylaniline; 5-tert-butyl-2-methoxyaniline; 3,4-methoxyaniline; 3,4-dimethylaniline; propylamine; butylamine; tert-butylamine; sec-butylamine; benzylamine; 2-aminoethanol and 1-aminopropan-2-ol; 1,4-bis(methylamino)benzene; 1,2-bis(methylamino)ethane; and N,N′-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylene-diamine; N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine; 2-aminobenothiazole; 3-amino-5-methylpyrazole; 2-amino-6-methylpyridine; 3-aminophenol; 2-amino-3-picoline; 4-aminopyridine; 3-aminopyridine; 2-aminopyridine; 3-aminoquinoline; 5-aminoquinoline; 2-aminothiophenol; tris(2,3-epoxy-propyl)isocyanurate; glycerol propoxylate triglycidyl ether; 3,5-diethyltoluene-2,4-diamine; 3,5-diethyltoluene-2,6-diamine; methylenedianiline; diethylenetriamine; tris(2-aminoethyl)-amine; or combinations thereof.

7. The SMEP-GrF according to claim 6 , the hardener comprising a multifunctional cross-linking agent, and

the multifunctional cross-linking agent comprising tris(2,3-epoxy-propyl)isocyanurate, glycerol propoxylate triglycidyl ether, 3,5-diethyltoluene-2,4-diamine and 3,5-diethyltoluene-2,6-diamine, methylenedianiline, diethylenetriamine, tris(2-aminoethyl)-amine, or a combination thereof.

8. The SMEP-GrF according to claim 1 , the epoxy resin comprising: diglycidyl ethers of: resorcinol; hydroquinone; 4,4′-(9-fluorenylidene)-diphenol; 9,9-bis[4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl]fluorene: 4,4′-dihydroxydiphenylethylmethane; 3,3′-dihydroxydiphenyldiethyl-methane; 3,4′-di-hydroxydiphenylmethylpropylmethane; 4,4′-dihydroxydiphenyloxide; 4,4′-dihydroxy-diphenyl-cyanomethane; 4,4′-dihydroxydiphenyl sulfide; 2,6-dihydroxynaphthalene; 1,3-dihydroxynaphthalene; 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene; 1,6-dihydroxynaphthalene; 1,7-dihydroxynaphthalene; 2,7-dihydroxynaphthalene; catechol; 1,4-butanediol; 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol; 1,2-cyclohexanedimethanol; 1,6-hexanediol; neopentylglycol; ethylene glycol; or combinations thereof.

9. A shape-memory epoxy polymer graphene foam composite (SMEP-GrF), comprising:

an open cell graphene foam (GrF) surrounded by and infiltrated with a shape-memory epoxy polymer (SMEP) matrix; and

a filler comprising particles that are microparticles, nanoparticles, or a combination thereof,

cells of the open cell GrF having cross-sections that are larger than those of the particles of the filler, such that the particles of the filler are filled in the cells of the open cell GrF,

the GrF being an intra-connected framework within at least a portion of the SMEP matrix,

the GrF being from 0.1 to 1 wt % of the SMEP-GrF,

the SMEP having a glass transition temperature (T g ) in a range of from 70° C. to 180° C.,

the SMEP-GrF being self-healing,

the SMEP-GrF being electrically conductive and thermally conductive,

the particles of the filler comprising fullerenes, graphene platelets, metal oxide particles, polymeric particles, or any combination thereof, and

the self-healing of the SMEP-GrF being thermally actuated and accelerated,

the SMEP-GrF being configured such that the self-healing is triggered by electrical actuation,

the SMEP comprising an epoxy resin,

the epoxy resin comprising: diglycidyl ethers of: resorcinol; hydroquinone; 4,4′-isopropylidene bisphenol (bisphenol A); bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,2-dichloroethylene (bisphenol C); bis(4-hydroxy-phenyl)methane (bisphenol F); 4,4′-sulfonyldiphenol (bisphenol S); 4,4′-dihydroxybiphenyl, 4,4′-dihydroxybenzophenone (bisphenol K); 4,4′-(9-fluorenylidene)-diphenol; 9,9-bis[4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl]fluorene: 4,4′-dihydroxydiphenylethylmethane; 3,3′-dihydroxydiphenyldiethyl-methane; 3,4′-di-hydroxydiphenylmethylpropylmethane; 4,4′-dihydroxydiphenyloxide; 4,4′-dihydroxy-diphenyl-cyanomethane; 4,4′-dihydroxydiphenyl sulfide; 2,6-dihydroxynaphthalene; 1,3-dihydroxynaphthalene; 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene; 1,6-dihydroxynaphthalene; 1,7-dihydroxynaphthalene; 2,7-dihydroxynaphthalene; catechol; 1,4-butanediol; 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol; 1,2-cyclohexanedimethanol; 1,6-hexanediol; neopentylglycol; ethylene glycol; or combinations thereof, and

the filler residing throughout the entire SMEP matrix.

10. The SMEP-GrF according to claim 9 , the particles of the filler comprising fullerenes.

11. The SMEP-GrF according to claim 9 , the SMEP further comprising a hardener, and

the hardener comprising: 2-amino-3-picoline; 2-amino-6-picoline; 2-aminopyridine; 3-aminopyridine; 4-aminophenol; 2-aminothiazole; 8-aminoquinoline; 8-naphthylamine; ethanolamine; o-anisidine; 2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethanol; benzylamine; propylamine; piperazine; 2-(methylamido)piperazine; 2-methylpiperazine; 2,5-dimethylpiperazine; 2,6-dimethylpiperazine; aniline; 4-(methylamido)aniline; 4-methoxyaniline (p-anisidine); 3-methoxyaniline (m-anisidine); 2-methoxyaniline (o-anisidine); 4-butylaniline; 2-sec-butylaniline; 2-tert-butylaniline; 4-sec-butylaniline; 4-tert-butylaniline; 5-tert-butyl-2-methoxyaniline; 3,4-methoxyaniline; 3,4-dimethylaniline; propylamine; butylamine; tert-butylamine; sec-butylamine; benzylamine; 2-aminoethanol and 1-aminopropan-2-ol; 1,4-bis(methylamino)benzene; 1,2-bis(methylamino)ethane; and N,N′-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylene-diamine; N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine; 2-aminobenothiazole; 3-amino-5-methylpyrazole; 2-amino-6-methylpyridine; 3-aminophenol; 2-amino-3-picoline; 4-aminopyridine; 3-aminopyridine; 2-aminopyridine; 3-aminoquinoline; 5-aminoquinoline; 2-aminothiophenol; tris(2,3-epoxy-propyl)isocyanurate; glycerol propoxylate triglycidyl ether; 3,5-diethyltoluene-2,4-diamine; 3,5-diethyltoluene-2,6-diamine; methylenedianiline; diethylenetriamine; tris(2-aminoethyl)-amine; or combinations thereof.

12. The SMEP-GrF according to claim 11 , the hardener comprising a multifunctional cross-linking agent, and

the multifunctional cross-linking agent comprising tris(2,3-epoxy-propyl)isocyanurate, glycerol propoxylate triglycidyl ether, 3,5-diethyltoluene-2,4-diamine and 3,5-diethyltoluene-2,6-diamine, methylenedianiline, diethylenetriamine, tris(2-aminoethyl)-amine, or a combination thereof.