Pathogenic biomarkers and serum extracellular vesicular biomarkers associated with vascular malformation of endothelial cells, and uses thereof

1. A method comprising:

obtaining a skin tissue biopsy sample(s) and/or extracellular vesicle (EV) serum sample(s) from a subject suspected of having or having a vascular anomaly or malformation selected from the group consisting of arterio-venous malformations (AVM), venous malformations (VM), port-wine stain (PWS), Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS), Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome (KTWS), hemangioma, cavernoma, capillary telangiectasia, Dural AV fistula, and angiokeratoma;

measuring the expression profile of a set of pathogenic associated biomarkers and/or serum EV biomarkers from the sample(s) obtained from the subject,

wherein the set of pathogenic associated biomarkers and/or serum EV biomarkers comprises VAT1, IQGAP1, HSC70, CLH1, perlecan, spectrin α1, and GDIR1;

comparing the expression profile of the set pathogenic associated biomarkers and/or serum EV biomarkers from the subject's skin tissue biopsy sample(s) and/or EV serum sample(s) with the expression profile of the same set pathogenic associated biomarkers and/or serum EV biomarkers from control skin tissue biopsy sample(s) and/or EV serum sample(s) that do not have the vascular anomaly or malformation; and

treating the subject with a pulsed dye laser or intense pulsed light, based upon a significant difference in the protein expression profile of the set biomarkers from the subject samples in comparison with control skin tissue biopsy sample(s) and/or EV serum sample(s).

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the set of pathogenic associated biomarkers and/or serum EV biomarkers further comprises one or more biomarkers selected from Ephs, Efns ADAMs, MMPs, STYs, CD31, CD133, CD166, VDBP, ANXA1, CO6A1 and/or CO6A3.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the expression profile of the set of pathogenic associated biomarkers and/or serum EV biomarkers is measured using sequential windowed acquisition of all theoretical fragment ion mass spectra (SWATH-MS), immunohistochemistry, immunoblot, and/or transmission electron microscopy.

4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:

treating the subject with one or more treatments for vascular anomalies or malformations wherein the subject has a vascular anomaly or malformation selected from the group consisting of AVM, VM, PWS, SWS, KTWS, hemangioma, cavernoma, capillary telangiectasia, Dural AV fistula, and angiokeratoma;

obtaining a second skin tissue biopsy sample(s) and/or EV serum sample(s) from the subject after treatment, where the skin tissue biopsy sample(s) and/or EV serum sample(s) are from the same general area as the sample(s) obtained prior to treatment;

measuring a second expression profile of the set of pathogenic associated biomarkers and/or serum EV biomarkers from the subject's skin tissue biopsy sample(s) and/or EV serum sample(s) obtained after treatment;

comparing the expression profile of the set of pathogenic associated biomarkers and/or serum EV biomarkers prior to treatment with the second expression profile of the set pathogenic associated biomarkers and/or serum EV biomarkers after treatment, wherein the same set of pathogenic associated biomarkers and/or serum EV biomarkers are compared between the expression profiles; and

identifying whether the treatment for the vascular anomalies or malformations was effective based upon an improvement in the second expression profile for the biomarkers after treatment in comparison with the expression profile of the biomarkers prior to treatment.

5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the one or more treatments for vascular anomalies or malformations are small molecule drugs or therapies that inhibit or disrupt EphB1/EfnB2 signaling pathways.

6. The method of claim 4 , wherein the one or more treatments for vascular anomalies or malformations are small molecule drugs or therapies that inhibit or disrupt or suppress exocytosis from lesional vasculatures by inhibiting or disrupting the expression of exocytotic proteins.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the pathogenic associated biomarkers and/or serum extracellular vesicle (EV) biomarkers are used to quantify protein expression.

8. A method comprising:

treating a subject having vascular anomalies or malformations selected from the group consisting of arterio-venous malformations (AVM), venous malformations (VM), port-wine stain (PWS), Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS), Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome (KTWS), hemangioma, cavernoma, capillary telangiectasia, dural AV fistula, and angiokeratoma with one or more treatments for the vascular anomalies or malformations;

obtaining a skin tissue biopsy sample(s) and/or extracellular vesicle (EV) serum sample(s) from the subject at the site of the vascular anomaly or malformation;

measuring the expression profile of a set of pathogenic associated biomarkers and/or serum EV biomarkers from sample(s) obtained from the subject, wherein the set of pathogenic associated biomarkers and/or serum EV biomarkers comprises VAT1, IQGAP1, HSC70, CLH1, perlecan, spectrin α1, and GDIR1;

comparing the expression profile of the set pathogenic associated biomarkers and/or serum EV biomarkers from the subject's skin tissue biopsy sample(s) and/or EV serum sample(s) with the expression profile of the same set pathogenic associated biomarkers and/or serum EV biomarkers from control skin tissue biopsy sample(s) and/or EV serum sample(s) that do not have a vascular anomaly or malformation;

identifying that the treatment for vascular anomalies or malformations in the subject was effective based upon measuring an improvement in the expression levels of the set of pathogenic associated biomarkers and/or serum EV biomarkers in the subject's sample(s).

9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the set of pathogenic associated biomarkers and/or serum EV biomarkers further comprises one or more biomarkers selected from Ephs, Efns, ADAMs, MMPs, STYs, CD31, CD133, CD166, VDBP, ANXA1, CO6A1 and/or CO6A3.

10. The method of claim 8 , wherein the expression profile of the set of pathogenic associated biomarkers and/or serum EV biomarkers is measured using sequential windowed acquisition of all theoretical fragment ion mass spectra (SWATH-MS), immunohistochemistry, immunoblot, and/or transmission electron microscopy.

11. The method of claim 8 , wherein the one or more treatments are small molecule drugs or therapies, gene silencing agents or surface targeting ligands.

12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the gene silencing agents are antisense oligonucleotides, ribozymes, RNA interference, microRNAs, and/or CRISPR.

13. The method of claim 11 , wherein the surface targeting ligands bind or complex with CD133, CD166, EphB1, and/or EfnB2.

14. The method of claim 11 , wherein the small molecule drugs or therapies inhibit or disrupt EphB1/EfnB2 signaling pathways.

15. The method of claim 11 , wherein the small molecule drugs or therapies disrupt or suppress exocytosis from lesional vasculatures by inhibiting or disrupting the expression of exocytotic proteins.

16. The method of claim 8 , wherein the one or more treatments are pulsed dye laser, intense pulsed light, surgery, radiation, and/or freezing.