Liquid sterilization apparatus
An apparatus includes a conduit including an inlet to receive a liquid and an outlet to discharge the liquid. A first porous electrode, a second porous electrode, and a third porous electrode are disposed in the conduit between the inlet and the outlet. A first porous separator is interposed between the first porous electrode and the second porous electrode. A second porous separator is interposed between the second porous electrode and the third porous electrode. A power source configured to provide power to the first porous electrode, the second porous electrode, and the third porous electrode. While the liquid is flowing through the conduit, the power source supplies a first type of voltage to the first porous electrode and the third porous electrode, and supplies a second type of voltage to the second porous electrode, the second type being opposite to the first type.
1. An apparatus comprising:
a conduit including an inlet to receive a liquid and an outlet to discharge the liquid;
a first porous electrode, a second porous electrode, and a third porous electrode disposed in the conduit between the inlet and the outlet;
a first porous separator interposed between the first porous electrode and the second porous electrode;
a second porous separator interposed between the second porous electrode and the third porous electrode; and
a power source configured to provide power to the first porous electrode, the second porous electrode, and the third porous electrode,
wherein while the liquid is flowing through the conduit, the power source supplies a first polarity of voltage to the first porous electrode and the third porous electrode, and supplies a second polarity of voltage to the second porous electrode, the second polarity being opposite to the first polarity,
wherein each of the first porous electrode, the second porous electrode, and the third porous electrode includes a porous support having a plurality of pores and first nanostructures disposed on a surface of the porous support around the pores, wherein the first nanostructures include nanowires and/or nanotubes, and axes of the nanowires and/or nanotubes are substantially parallel to the surface of the porous support,
wherein the power source provides a voltage difference of about 20 Volts to about 40 Volts between the first polarity of voltage and the second polarity of voltage, and
wherein a bacterial, virus and protozoa inactivation efficiency of the apparatus is at least about 95% and up to 99.999%.
2. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein each of the first porous electrode, the second porous electrode, and the third porous electrode further includes second nanostructures disposed on the surface of the porous support wherein the second nanostructures are disposed to protrude from the surface of the porous support and extend into the pores.
3. The apparatus according to claim 2 , wherein the nanowires or the nanotubes have average diameter of 10-200 nm and average length of 500 nm to 100 μm.
4. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the porous support includes a foam body, a sponge, a mesh, or a fibrous structure.
5. The apparatus according to claim 4 , wherein the porous support is conductive.
6. The apparatus according to claim 5 , wherein the porous support includes a copper foam body.
7. The apparatus according to claim 2 , wherein the first or second nanostructures include copper nanowires.
8. The apparatus according to claim 2 , wherein the first or second nanostructures include carbon nanotubes.
9. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the first porous separator has a first thickness and the second porous separator has a second thickness, wherein the first thickness is different from the second thickness.
10. The apparatus according to claim 1 , further comprising:
a third porous separator disposed on the first porous electrode; and
a fourth porous electrode disposed on the third porous separator,
wherein while the liquid is flowing through the conduit, the power source supplies the second polarity of voltage to the fourth porous electrode.
11. The apparatus according to claim 10 , further comprising:
a fourth porous separator disposed on the third porous electrode; and
a fifth porous electrode disposed on the fourth porous separator,
wherein while the liquid is flowing through the conduit, the power source supplies the second polarity of voltage to the fourth porous electrode.
12. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the first polarity of voltage is a positive voltage and the second polarity of voltage is a negative voltage, or the first polarity of voltage is the negative voltage and the second polarity of voltage is the positive voltage, or the first polarity of voltage is opposite to the second polarity of voltage in an alternating current power source.
13. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the power source provides a direct current or an alternating current to the porous electrodes.
14. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the power source provides an alternating current to the porous electrodes in sine waves or square waves.
15. The apparatus according to claim 14 , wherein the power source provides the alternating current to the porous electrodes at 0.5 to 10 Hz.
16. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the porous separators include a porous polymer or polymer mesh.
17. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the porous separators are hydrophilic.
18. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the porous electrodes are hydrophilic.