Method and system for preparation of a nanowire composite based on electroplating
A system for fabricating anisotropic magnetic nanowire composites includes a chamber for containing an ionic fluid. A hole in a wall of the chamber allows for the ionic fluid to be in contact with a porous template outside of the chamber, and a cathode and an anode provide an electric field across the ionic fluid and porous template. The electric field causes ionic materials in the ionic fluid to migrate into the pores of the porous template, therefore plating nanowires in the porous template. Constant distances and positions of the anode, cathode, a reference probe, and a stirring element allow for the fabrication of longer, more uniform nanowires, and for the generation of consistent magnetic nanowire composites across multiple fabrication sessions.
1. A system for making magnetic nanowire components, the system comprising:
a chamber configured to confine an ionic fluid, the chamber having a perimeter wall with a bottom surface having an aperture providing fluid communication between an interior of the chamber and an exterior of the chamber, and a flange physically coupled to the bottom surface, the flange extending circumferentially outward from and parallel to the circumference of the aperture of the chamber;
a porous template having a pore length on the order of 100 microns, the porous template configured such that at least a portion of a first side of the porous template is exposed to the ionic fluid through the aperture when the ionic fluid is present in the chamber;
an anode disposed within the chamber at a constant distance from the first side of the porous template;
a reference electrode disposed inside of the chamber through a port in the perimeter wall of the chamber, the reference electrode positioned at a fixed distance from the porous template;
a cathode in contact with a second side of the porous template, the second side of the porous template being opposite the first side of the porous template, the first and second sides of the porous template being planar;
a stirring element inside of the chamber, the stirring element at a constant distance from the porous template and physically coupled to a motor configured to cause the stirring element to rotate, the stirring element further being between the anode and the cathode;
a voltage source electrically coupled to the anode and to the cathode and configured to apply a voltage across the anode and the cathode; and
a template mounting assembly comprising (i) a supporting plate selectively attachable to the flange by a plurality of fasteners spaced to provide a constant pressure and uniform electric field across the porous template and (ii) a selectively removable maskplate disposed between the supporting plate and the aperture, and wherein the supporting plate is aligned to the cathode and physically supports the cathode and the porous template between the supporting plate and the mask plate, in relative positions at constant distances from the anode.
2. The system according to claim 1 , wherein the supporting plate has an elevated ridge along a perimeter of the supporting plate.
3. The system according to claim 1 , wherein the motor rotates the stirring element at a constant rotational speed.
4. The system according to claim 1 , wherein the cathode comprises a conductive layer deposited on the second side of the porous template.
5. The system according to claim 1 , wherein the voltage source is configured to alternate between two or more voltages based on the number of different ionic elements in the ionic fluid.
6. The system according to claim 5 , wherein the voltage source is configured to allow varied duty cycles between two or more non-zero voltages.
7. The system according to claim 3 , wherein the aperture comprises a plurality of apertures, each of the plurality apertures exposing a corresponding portion of the porous template, and wherein the cathode extends beneath each of the corresponding portions of the porous template.
8. The system according to claim 3 , wherein the aperture comprises a single aperture, and wherein a plurality of cathodes are positioned in contact with the second side of the porous template to create multiple magnetic nanowire components, each corresponding to one of the plurality of cathodes.
9. The system according to claim 3 , wherein the aperture is removable and replaceable with a different aperture having a different size and/or shape, and/or a different number of apertures.
10. The system according to claim 1 , wherein the voltage source is controlled according to a feedback signal received from the reference electrode.
11. The system according to claim 1 , wherein the ionic fluid comprises a magnetic material.
12. The system according to claim 1 , wherein the chamber further comprises a bottom wall, wherein the bottom wall comprises the aperture and the aperture provides fluid communication between an interior of the chamber and an exterior surface of the bottom wall.
13. A method of making magnetic nanowire components, the method using the system of claim 1 , the method comprising:
preparing the porous template;
cleaning the pores of the porous template;
placing an ionic fluid in the chamber;
applying a voltage across the anode and the cathode;
monitoring the applied voltage with the reference electrode; and
stirring the ionic fluid.
14. A method according to claim 13 , wherein preparing the porous template comprises altering the pore diameters of pores in the porous template by depositing materials onto internal surfaces of the pores.
15. A method according to claim 14 , wherein depositing materials onto the internal surfaces of the pores comprises depositing an electrically non-conductive material onto the internal surfaces of the pores.
16. A method according to claim 14 , wherein depositing materials onto the internal surfaces of the pores comprises depositing an electrically conductive material onto the internal surfaces of the pores.
17. A method according to claim 13 , wherein the ionic fluid comprises multiple types of ionic materials.
18. A method according to claim 13 , wherein applying a voltage across the anode and the cathode comprises applying a pulsed voltage across the anode and the cathode.
19. A method according to claim 13 , further comprising tuning a magnetic nanowire component by at least one of:
altering an interpore distance of pores of the porous template;
altering a pore diameter of pores of the porous template;
altering the length of nanowires;
altering the microstructure of nanowires;
altering the crystal structure of nanowires;
altering the magnetization states of nanowires;
altering a composition of magnetic nanowires formed in the porous template; and/or
altering a dielectric material coating the magnetic nanowires.