Rotary reactor for uniform particle coating with thin films

1. A reactor for coating particles, comprising:

one or more motors;

a rotary vacuum chamber configured to hold a plurality of particles to be coated, a cylindrical portion of the rotary vacuum chamber having an inner diameter, and wherein the rotary vacuum chamber is coupled to the one or more motors;

a controller configured to cause the one or more motors to rotate the rotary vacuum chamber in a first direction about an axial axis of the cylindrical portion of the rotary vacuum chamber at a rotation speed sufficient to force the plurality of particles to be centrifuged against the inner diameter of the rotary vacuum chamber to form a toroidal bed of particles;

a vacuum port to exhaust gas from the rotary vacuum chamber; and

a paddle assembly including a rotatable drive shaft extending through the rotary vacuum chamber along the axial axis of the rotary vacuum chamber and a plurality of paddles extending radially from the drive shaft, wherein the rotatable drive shaft is coupled to the one or more motors such that rotation of the drive shaft by the one or more motors orbits the plurality of paddles about the drive shaft in a second direction,

wherein an outer edge of each of the plurality of paddles is separated from a surface of the inner diameter of the rotary vacuum chamber by a gap such that at least a portion of a paddle of the plurality of paddles is within the toroidal bed of particles formed by the plurality of particles centrifuged against the inner diameter of the rotary vacuum chamber as the controller causes the one or more motors to orbit the plurality of paddles about the drive shaft,

wherein the paddle assembly includes gas outlets,

wherein the paddle assembly includes chemical supply passages to deliver a process gas via the gas outlets into the plurality of particles, and

wherein at least one of the gas outlets is located on the portion of the paddle within the toroidal bed of particles as the controller causes the one or more motors to orbit the plurality of paddles about the drive shaft.

2. The reactor of claim 1 , wherein the controller is configured to cause the one or more motors to rotate the rotary vacuum chamber about the axial axis at the rotation speed that is greater than 15 RPM.

3. The reactor of claim 2 , wherein the rotation speed of the drive shaft relative to the rotary vacuum chamber about the axial axis is at least 4 rpm.

4. The reactor of claim 1 , comprising a base to support the reactor on a mounting surface, and wherein the rotary vacuum chamber is secured to the base such that the axial axis will be perpendicular to the mounting surface.

5. The reactor of claim 1 , wherein rotation in the first direction is in an opposite direction of rotation as the rotation in the second direction.

6. The reactor of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of paddles comprise rake-shaped features including a plurality of tines such that the tines of the paddles are in contact with the plurality of particles when reactant or precursor gas is delivered through the chemical supply passages into the plurality of particles via the gas outlets.

7. The reactor of claim 6 , wherein the at least one of the gas outlets is located on a trailing edge of at least one tine of the plurality of tines of the rake-shaped features of the paddle.

8. The reactor of claim 6 , wherein an outer edge of the paddle is separated from a surface of the inner diameter of the rotary vacuum chamber by a gap.

9. The reactor of claim 8 , wherein the gap is 1-3 mm.

10. The reactor of claim 1 , comprising a base to support the reactor on a mounting surface, and wherein the rotary vacuum chamber is secured to the base such that the axial axis will be parallel to the mounting surface.

11. A reactor for coating particles, comprising:

one or more motors;

a rotary vacuum chamber configured to hold a plurality of particles to be coated, a cylindrical portion of the rotary vacuum chamber having an inner diameter, and wherein the rotary vacuum chamber is coupled to the one or more motors;

a controller configured to cause the one or more motors to rotate the rotary vacuum chamber in a first direction about an axial axis of the cylindrical portion of the rotary vacuum chamber at a rotation speed sufficient to force the plurality of particles to be centrifuged against the inner diameter of the rotary vacuum chamber;

a vacuum port to exhaust gas from the rotary vacuum chamber; and

a paddle assembly including a rotatable drive shaft extending through the rotary vacuum chamber along the axial axis of the rotary vacuum chamber and at least one paddle extending radially from the drive shaft, wherein the rotatable drive shaft is coupled to the one or more motors such that rotation of the drive shaft by the one or more motors orbits the at least one paddle about the drive shaft in a second direction, wherein the at least one paddle comprises a T-shaped feature including a segment parallel to an inner surface of the inner diameter of the rotary vacuum chamber,

wherein the paddle assembly includes gas outlets, and

wherein the paddle assembly includes chemical supply passages to deliver a process gas via the gas outlets into the plurality of particles.

12. The reactor of claim 11 , wherein at least one gas outlet is located on a trailing edge of the segment of the paddle that is parallel to the inner surface of the inner diameter.

13. The reactor of claim 11 , wherein an outer edge of the paddle is separated from a surface of the inner diameter of the rotary vacuum chamber by a gap.

14. The reactor of claim 13 , wherein the gap is 1-3 mm.