Integrated circuit comprising macros and method of fabricating the same

1. A wafer comprising:

a plurality of macro chips arranged in columns and rows and separated by dicing lines, each macro chip being suitable for forming a tier of a 3D circuit and comprising:

a stack formed of a semiconductor substrate, a transistor layer comprising transistors formed in and on the substrate, and a metal layer comprising metal levels insulated by a dielectric material, wherein one or more macro circuits are implemented in the stack, each macro circuit comprising a plurality of macro cells arranged in an array, the macro cells being separated from each other by spaces;

interconnection vias positioned in the spaces between the macro cells, the interconnection vias extending through the substrate, through the transistor layer, and at least partially through the metal layer; and

input/output pads of the macro circuits, each input/output pad performing at most the functions of electro-static discharge protection and buffering;

wherein each macro circuit further comprises one or more test circuits, and one or more test pads positioned on the face of the macro chip and permitting the functionality of the macro circuit to be tested.

2. The wafer of claim 1 , wherein one or more of the interconnection vias extend through the metal layer to a corresponding interconnection pad formed on the surface of the metal layer for interconnecting with a second tier.

3. The wafer of claim 1 , wherein the interconnection vias are positioned at regular intervals.

4. The wafer of claim 1 , further comprising micro bumps positioned on one side of the substrate, each of the interconnection vias being connected to a corresponding one of the micro bumps.

5. A test system for testing the macro circuits of the wafer according to claim 1 , the test system comprising a device under test comprising said wafer, and test equipment coupled to the one or more test pads via one or more test probes.

6. A 3D circuit formed of only two tiers stacked face-to-face, comprising:

a first tier of the two tiers comprises:

a stack formed of a semiconductor substrate, a transistor layer comprising transistors formed in and on the substrate, and a metal layer comprising metal levels insulated by a dielectric material, wherein one or more macro circuits are implemented in the stack, each macro circuit comprising a plurality of macro cells arranged in an array, the macro cells being separated from each other by spaces, wherein each macro circuit further comprises one or more test circuits;

interconnection vias positioned in the spaces between the macro cells, the interconnection vias extending through the substrate, through the transistor layer, and at least partially through the metal layer;

input/output pads of the macro circuits, each input/output pad performing at most the functions of electro-static discharge protection and buffering; and

micro bumps positioned on one side of the substrate, each of the interconnection vias being connected to a corresponding one of the micro bumps for connecting the interconnection vias to a package substrate; and

a second tier of the two tiers is stacked on the first tier and comprises a logic circuit connected via interconnection pads to the one or more macro circuits of the first tier.

7. The 3D circuit of claim 6 , wherein at least a first one of the interconnection vias is coupled to a supply voltage rail of the first tier for supplying a supply voltage to the first tier, and/or at least a second one of the interconnection vias is coupled to a supply voltage rail of the second tier for supplying a supply voltage to the second tier.

8. The 3D circuit of claim 6 , wherein the logic circuit is connected to the interconnection vias of the first tier via metal connections formed in a metal layer of the first tier.

9. The 3D circuit of claim 6 , wherein the first tier comprises transistors fabricated using a first transistor technology, and the second tier comprises transistors fabricated using a second transistor technology different to the first transistor technology.

10. A method of fabricating a 3D circuit formed of only two tiers stacked face-to-face, the method comprising:

forming a first tier of the two tiers by:

forming one or more macro circuits, each macro circuit comprising a plurality of macro cells arranged in an array, the macro cells being separated from each other by spaces, the macro circuits being formed in a stack formed of a semiconductor substrate, a transistor layer comprising transistors formed in and on the substrate, and a metal layer comprising metal levels insulated by a dielectric material, wherein each macro circuit further comprises one or more test circuits; and

forming interconnection vias in the spaces between the macro cells, the interconnection vias extending through the substrate, through the transistor layer, and at least partially through the metal layer;

forming input/output pads of the macro circuits, each input/output pad performing at most the functions of electro-static discharge protection and buffering; and

forming micro bumps positioned on one side of the substrate, each of the interconnection vias being connected to a corresponding one of the micro bumps for connecting the interconnection vias to a package substrate; and

forming a second tier of the two tiers, wherein the second tier is stacked on the first tier and comprises a logic circuit connected via interconnection pads to the one or more macro circuits of the first tier.

11. The method of claim 10 , further comprising:

forming one or more test pads on a surface of each macro circuit corresponding to the face of the first tier; and

testing, using test equipment, each macro circuit via the one or more test pads, and using one or more test circuits of each macro circuit, to identify functional macro circuits.

12. The method of claim 11 further comprising

stacking the second tier on the first tier only if the first tier is found to be functional.

13. The method of claim 11 , wherein forming the first tier further comprises removing the test pads and forming interconnection pads on the face of the first tier.

14. The method of claim 10 , wherein the one or more macro circuits are formed on a wafer along with further macro circuits, the method further comprising:

selecting the one or more macro circuits to form the tier of the 3D circuit from among the functional macro circuits; and

performing dicing to separate the one or more macro circuits from the wafer.