Diester-based polymer electrolytes for high voltage lithium ion batteries
New homopolymers and copolymers of diester-based polymers have been synthesized. When these polymers are combined with electrolyte salts, such polymer electrolytes have shown excellent electrochemical oxidation stability in lithium battery cells. Their stability along with their excellent ionic conductivities make them especially suitable as electrolytes in high energy density lithium battery cells.
1. A polymer, comprising:
a first diester-based polymer having a structure:
wherein:
each Z and Z 1 is selected independently from the group consisting of —F, —CF 3 , and —CF 2 CF 3 ;
each X is selected independently from the group consisting of —F and —CF 3 ;
a is an integer that ranges from 1 to 2;
c and d are each integers that range independently from 1 to 10; and
n is an integer that ranges from 1 to 1000.
2. The polymer of claim 1 further comprising an electrolyte salt, wherein the polymer is an electrolyte.
3. A positive electrode comprising:
a positive electrode active material; and
a catholyte comprising the electrolyte according to claim 2 ;
wherein the positive electrode active material particles and the catholyte are mixed together.
4. The positive electrode of claim 3 wherein the catholyte further comprises a second polymer selected from the group consisting of polystyrene, hydrogenated polystyrene, polymethacrylate, poly(methyl methacrylate), polyvinylpyridine, polyvinylcyclohexane, polyimide, polyamide, polypropylene, polyolefins, poly(t-butyl vinyl ether), poly(cyclohexyl methacrylate), poly(cyclohexyl vinyl ether), poly(t-butyl vinyl ether), polyethylene, poly(phenylene oxide), poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide), poly(phenylene sulfide), poly(phenylene sulfide sulfone), poly(phenylene sulfide ketone), poly(phenylene sulfide amide), polysulfone, polyvinylidene fluoride, and combinations thereof, and wherein the catholyte is a copolymer.
5. The positive electrode of claim 3 wherein the catholyte is crosslinked.
6. The positive electrode of claim 3 wherein the positive electrode active material is selected from the group consisting of lithium iron phosphate, lithium metal phosphate, divanadium pentoxide, lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide, lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide, magnesium-rich lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide, lithium manganese spinel, lithium nickel manganese spinel, and combinations thereof.
7. The positive electrode of claim 3 wherein the electrolyte salt is a lithium salt.
8. An electrochemical cell, comprising:
an anode configured to absorb and release lithium ions;
a cathode comprising cathode active material particles, an electronically-conductive additive, and a first catholyte;
a current collector adjacent to an outside surface of the cathode; and
a separator region between the anode and the cathode, the separator region comprising a separator electrolyte configured to facilitate movement of lithium ions back and forth between the anode and the cathode;
wherein the first catholyte comprises the electrolyte according to claim 2 , and the electrolyte salt is a lithium salt.
9. The electrochemical cell of claim 8 wherein the first catholyte further comprises a second polymer selected from the group consisting of polystyrene, hydrogenated polystyrene, polymethacrylate, poly(methyl methacrylate), polyvinylpyridine, polyvinylcyclohexane, polyimide, polyamide, polypropylene, polyolefins, poly(t-butyl vinyl ether), poly(cyclohexyl methacrylate), poly(cyclohexyl vinyl ether), poly(t-butyl vinyl ether), polyethylene, poly(phenylene oxide), poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide), poly(phenylene sulfide), poly(phenylene sulfide sulfone), poly(phenylene sulfide ketone), poly(phenylene sulfide amide), polysulfone, polyvinylidene fluoride, and combinations thereof, and wherein the first catholyte is a copolymer.
10. The electrochemical cell of claim 8 wherein the first catholyte and the separator electrolyte are the same.
11. The electrochemical cell of claim 8 wherein the separator electrolyte comprises a solid polymer electrolyte.
12. The electrochemical cell of claim 8 further comprising an overlayer between the cathode and the separator region, the overlayer comprising a second catholyte, the second catholyte comprising the electrolyte according to claim 2 .
13. The electrochemical cell of claim 12 wherein the first catholyte and the second catholyte are the same.
14. The electrochemical cell of claim 8 wherein the anode comprises a material selected from the group consisting of lithium metal, lithium alloy, lithium titanate, graphite and silicon.
15. The electrochemical cell of claim 8 wherein the first catholyte is crosslinked.
16. The polymer of claim 1 wherein the polymer is crosslinked.
17. The polymer of claim 16 further comprising an electrolyte salt, wherein the polymer is an electrolyte.
18. The polymer of claim 1 , further comprising:
a second polymer selected from the group consisting of polystyrene, hydrogenated polystyrene, polymethacrylate, poly(methyl methacrylate), polyvinylpyridine, polyvinylcyclohexane, polyimide, polyamide, polypropylene, polyolefins, poly(t-butyl vinyl ether), poly(cyclohexyl methacrylate), poly(cyclohexyl vinyl ether), poly(t-butyl vinyl ether), polyethylene, poly(phenylene oxide), poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide), poly(phenylene sulfide), poly(phenylene sulfide sulfone), poly(phenylene sulfide ketone), poly(phenylene sulfide amide), polysulfone, polyvinylidene fluoride, and combinations thereof;
wherein the first polymer and the second polymer form a copolymer.
19. The polymer of claim 18 further comprising an electrolyte salt, wherein the copolymer is an electrolyte.
20. The polymer of claim 18 wherein the copolymer is crosslinked.
21. The polymer of claim 18 wherein the copolymer is a block copolymer comprising a first block comprising the first polymer and a second block comprising the second polymer.
22. The polymer of claim 21 further comprising an electrolyte salt, wherein the copolymer is an electrolyte.