Methods of transfection using sonoporation

1. A method of transforming a cell, the method comprising:

introducing a cell and an agent into at least one channel of an acoustic cell system comprising an acoustic transducer, wherein the acoustic transducer is configured to be disposed beneath the at least one channel and is adapted to propagate an acoustic wave in the at least one channel;

providing a radiofrequency signal to the acoustic transducer, thereby propagating the acoustic wave and generating localized acoustic pressure in proximity to the cell; and

delivering the agent into the cell, thereby transforming the cell;

wherein the acoustic cell system comprises a surface acoustic wave system or a bulk acoustic wave system;

wherein the cell comprises an algal cell;

wherein the introducing step is conducted in the presence of a nutrient medium;

wherein the nutrient medium has a salinity of from about 3% to about 30%.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the algal cell is Nannochloropsis.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the agent comprises a nucleic acid.

4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the nucleic acid is an expression cassette.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nutrient medium has a salinity of from about 3% to about 5%.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the introducing step comprises flowing the cell and/or the agent into the at least one channel.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein an operating frequency of the acoustic transducer is 10 MHz to 120 MHz.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein a power delivered to the at least one channel is 10 mW to 40 mW.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the providing step is conducted from about 15 seconds to about 2 minutes.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the providing step comprises:

generating an acoustic signal with a signal generator electrically connected to the acoustic transducer; and

tuning a frequency of the acoustic signal until a change in surface tension is present within the at least one channel.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the acoustic cell system comprises:

a cartridge comprising a channel configured to receive one or more test samples comprising the cell;

a platform comprising the acoustic transducer, wherein the acoustic transducer is configured to be coupled reversibly to the cartridge; and

a thermal exchange layer configured to be disposed between the cartridge and the transducer.

12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the platform comprises a transducer substrate comprising an electrode configured to be electrically connected to the acoustic transducer; and a radiofrequency driver board comprising one or more contact pads configured to be electrically connected to the electrode.

13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the platform further comprises a radiofrequency circuit configured to provide a radiofrequency signal to the driver board.

14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the acoustic cell system comprises:

a cartridge comprising a plurality of channels, wherein each channel is configured to receive one or more test samples comprising the cell;

a platform comprising a transducer array, which comprises a plurality of acoustic transducers, wherein the transducer array is configured to be coupled reversibly to the cartridge and wherein each acoustic transducer is configured to be disposed beneath each channel and is adapted to propagate an acoustic wave in the channel, thereby generating the localized acoustic pressure; and

a thermal exchange layer configured to be disposed between the cartridge and the transducer array.

15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the platform comprises a transducer substrate comprising a plurality of electrodes, and wherein each electrode is electrically connected to each acoustic transducer; and a radiofrequency driver board comprising one or more contact pads configured to be electrically connected to each of the plurality of electrodes.

16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the platform further comprises a radiofrequency circuit configured to provide a radiofrequency signal to the driver board.

17. A method of transforming a cell, the method comprising:

introducing a cell and an agent into at least one channel of an acoustic cell system comprising an acoustic transducer, wherein the acoustic transducer is configured to be disposed beneath the at least one channel and is adapted to propagate an acoustic wave in the at least one channel;

providing a radiofrequency signal to the acoustic transducer, thereby propagating the acoustic wave and generating localized acoustic pressure in proximity to the cell;

delivering the agent into the cell, thereby transforming the cell; and

incubating the transformed cell within the at least one channel or within a storage chamber in fluidic communication with the at least one channel;

wherein the acoustic transducer is bulk acoustic wave (BAW) transducer or a surface acoustic wave (SAW) transducer;

wherein the cell comprises an algal cell;

wherein the introducing step is conducted in the presence of a nutrient medium;

wherein the nutrient medium has a salinity of from about 3% to about 30%.

18. The method of claim 6 , wherein a transducing substrate and electrodes are configured to provide longitudinal waves through the at least one channel that are perpendicular to a direction of flowing.

19. The method of claim 17 , wherein the algal cell is selected from the group consisting of: Achnanthes, Ankistrodesmus, Aphanizomenon, Arthrospira , Bacillariophyceae, Botryococcus, Chlamydocapsa, Chlamydomonas, Chlorella, chlorococcum, Chlorogloeopsis, Chlorophyceae, Chrysophyceae, Dunaliella, Ellipsoidion, Haematococcus, Isochrysis, Kirchneriella, Nannochloropsis, Neochloris, Nitzschia, Ostreococcus, Phaeodactylum, Porphyridium, Pyrmnesium, Scenedesmus, Schizochytrium, Skeletonema, Spirogyra, Spirulina, Synechococcus, Tetraselmis , and Thalassiosira , and combinations thereof.