Early transition metal stabilized high capacity cobalt free cathodes for lithium-ion batteries
A cathode for a lithium battery includes LiNi 0.5-x/2 Mn 0.5-x/2 M x O 2 where M is at least one selected from the group consisting of Mo, Ti, Cr, Zr and V, and x is between 0.005-0.02. The LiNi 0.5-x/2 Mn 0.5-x/2 M x O 2 can be coated with Mn 2 P 2 O 7 . The Mn 2 P 2 O 7 can be 1-3 wt. %, based on the total weight of the LiNi 0.5-x/2 Mn 0.5-x/2 M x O 2 and Mn 2 P 2 O 7 . A cathode composition, a lithium battery, and a method of making a lithium battery are also disclosed.
1. A cathode for a lithium battery, comprising LiNi 0.5- x /2 Mn 0.5-x/2 M x O 2 where M is at least one selected from the group consisting of Mo, Ti, Cr, Zr and V, and x is between 0.005 and 0.02, where M is substituted at the Ni and Mn crystallographic sites and wherein the Li:O molar ratio is 1:2 and the cation:anion molar ratio is 1:1.
2. The cathode of claim 1 , wherein the LiNi 0.5-x/2 Mn 0.5-x/2 M x O 2 is coated with lithium free Mn 2 P 2 O 7 .
3. The cathode of claim 2 , wherein the Mn 2 P 2 O 7 is 1-3 wt. %, based on the total weight of the LiNi 0.5-x/2 Mn 0.5-x/2 M x O 2 and Mn 2 P 2 O 7 .
4. The cathode of claim 1 , wherein the LiNi 0.5-x/2 Mn 0.5-x/2 M x O 2 is provided as particles having a diameter of from 50 to 500 nm.
5. The cathode of claim 4 , wherein the LiNi 0.5-x/2 Mn 0.5-x/2 M x O 2 is coated with Mn 2 P 2 O 7 , and the Mn 2 P 2 O 7 coating is between 1 and 5 nm thick.
6. The cathode of claim 1 , wherein M is Mo.
7. The cathode of claim 1 , wherein the cathode is cobalt free.
8. The cathode of claim 1 , wherein M is substituted at cation sites.
9. The cathode of claim 1 , further comprising a conductive carbon and a binder.
10. The cathode of claim 1 , wherein the usable capacity of the cathode attains 180 mAh/g when cycled to 4.5 V vs. Li/Li + .
11. A cathode composition for a lithium battery, comprising LiNi 0.5-x/2 Mn 0.5-x/2 M x O 2 , where M is at least one selected from the group consisting of M=Mo, Ti, Cr, Zr and V, and x is 0.005-0.02, where M is substituted at the Ni and Mn crystallographic sites and wherein the Li:O molar ratio is 1:2 and the cation:anion molar ratio is 1:1.
12. The cathode composition of claim 11 , wherein the LiNi 0.5-x/2 Mn 0.5-x/2 M x O 2 , is provided as particles, and the particles are coated with lithium free Mn 2 P 2 O 7 .
13. The cathode composition of claim 12 , wherein the Mn 2 P 2 O 7 coating is 1-3 wt %, based on the total weight of the LiNi 0.5-x/2 Mn 0.5-x/2 M x O 2 and Mn 2 P 2 O 7 .
14. The cathode composition of claim 12 , wherein the LiNi 0.5-x/2 Mn 0.5-x/2 M x O 2 is provided as particles having a diameter of from 50 to 500 nm.
15. The cathode composition of claim 14 , wherein the LiNi 0.5-x/2 Mn 0.5-x/2 M x O 2 is coated with Mn 2 P 2 O 7 , and the Mn 2 P 2 O 7 coating is between 1 and 5 nm thick.
16. A lithium battery, comprising:
a cathode comprising LiNi 0.5-x/2 Mn 0.5-x/2 M x O 2 , where M is at least one selected from the group consisting of Mo, Ti, Cr, Zr and V, and x is 0.005 to 0.02, where M is substituted at the Ni and Mn crystallographic sites and wherein the Li:O molar ratio is 1:2 and the cation:anion molar ratio is 1:1;
an anode;
a separator; and
an electrolyte.
17. The battery of claim 16 , wherein the LiNi 0.5-x/2 Mn 0.5-x/2 M x O 2 , is provided as particles, and the particles are coated with lithium free Mn 2 P 2 O 7 .
18. The battery of claim 17 , wherein the Mn 2 P 2 O 7 coating is 1-3 wt %, based on the total weight of the LiNi 0.5-x/2 Mn 0.5-x/2 M x O 2 and Mn 2 P 2 O 7 .
19. The battery of claim 16 , wherein the LiNi 0.5-x/2 Mn 0.5-x/2 M x O 2 is provided as particles having a diameter of from 50 to 500 nm.
20. The battery of claim 19 , wherein the LiNi 0.5-x/2 Mn 0.5-x/2 M x O 2 is coated with Mn 2 P 2 O 7 , and the Mn 2 P 2 O 7 coating is between 1 and 5 nm thick.
21. The battery of claim 16 , wherein the cathode is cobalt free.
22. The battery of claim 16 , wherein M is substituted at cation sites.
23. The battery of claim 16 , wherein the usable capacity of the cathode attains 180 mAh/g when cycled between 2.0 V vs. Li/Li + and 4.5 V vs. Li/Li + vs. Li/Li + .