Index and gain coupled distributed feedback laser
A laser includes an active region surrounded by first and second waveguide layers. Two or more mask openings are formed within a dielectric layer on a surface parallel to the active region. A refractive grating is formed on the dielectric mask openings and includes three-dimensional grating features spaced apart in the light-propagation direction of the laser. The refractive grating provides modulation of a real part of the effective refractive index of the laser and modulation of the imaginary part is provided by modulation of the current flow through the mask openings.
1. A laser comprising:
an active region surrounded by first and second waveguide layers, the active region extending along a light-propagation direction of the laser;
two or more mask openings formed within a dielectric layer on a surface parallel to the active region, the mask openings extending normal to the light-propagation direction and spaced apart in the light-propagation direction of the laser, the mask openings modulating a current flow into the active region; and
a refractive grating comprising epitaxially grown, three-dimensional, individual nano-stripes formed out of the mask openings, the nano-stripes separated and spaced apart in the light-propagation direction of the laser, the separation and geometry of the nano-stripes providing modulation of a real part of an effective refractive index of the laser.
2. The laser of claim 1 , wherein the mask openings expose regions of a waveguide or cladding layer for selective area epitaxial growth of the refractive grating.
3. The laser of claim 1 , wherein the nano-stripes comprise trapezoidal cross-sections.
4. The laser of claim 1 , wherein the nano-stripes comprise rectangular cross-sections.
5. The laser of claim 1 , wherein the mask openings align with a center of the nano-stripes and are narrower than the nano-stripes in the light-propagation direction.
6. The laser of claim 1 , wherein the active region, first and second waveguide layers, and three-dimensional refractive grating are formed of III-V semiconductors.
7. The laser of claim 6 , wherein the III-V semiconductors are selected from a group consisting of AlGaN, AlGaInN, AlGaInAs, AlGaInP, and AlGaInSb.
8. The laser of claim 1 , wherein the dielectric layer is formed of SiO 2 .
9. The laser of claim 1 , further comprising an electron blocking layer between one of the first and second waveguide layers and the dielectric layer.
10. The laser of claim 1 , further comprising a conductive cover layer over the nano-stripes, the cover having a different refractive index than the refractive grating and filling in gaps between the nano-stripes.
11. The laser of claim 10 , wherein the conductive cover layer has a lower refractive index than that of the refractive grating.
12. The laser of claim 10 , wherein the conductive cover layer is in contact with the dielectric layer.
13. The laser of claim 10 , wherein the conductive cover layer is formed of ITO.
14. The laser of claim 1 , wherein the nano-stripes extend beyond the edges of the mask openings in the light propagation direction.
15. The laser of claim 1 , wherein the nano-stripes comprise surfaces facing away from the active region that are atomically smooth.
16. The laser of claim 1 , wherein the nano-stripes comprise triangular cross-sections.
17. A method, comprising:
injecting current into epitaxial layers of a laser, the epitaxial layers including an active region surrounded by first and second waveguide layers, the active region extending along a light-propagation direction of the laser;
modulating a current flow into the active region via two or more mask openings formed within a dielectric layer on a surface parallel to the active region, the mask openings extending normal to the light-propagation direction and spaced apart in the light-propagation direction of the laser; and
modulating a real part of an effective refractive index of the laser via a refractive grating formed on the mask openings, the refractive grating comprising individual, epitaxially-grown, three-dimensional nano-stripes formed out of the mask openings that are separated from one another and spaced apart in the light-propagation direction of the laser, the separation and geometry of the nano-stripes providing modulation of the real part of an effective refractive index of the laser.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the mask openings expose regions of a waveguide or cladding layer for selective epitaxial growth of the refractive grating.
19. The method of claim 17 , further comprising confining electrons in the active region via an electron blocking layer between one of the first and second waveguide layers and the dielectric layer.
20. The method of claim 17 , wherein the laser further comprises a conductive cover layer over the nano-stripes, the cover having a different refractive index than the refractive grating and filling in gaps between the nano-stripes.