Methods for making bacteriochlorin macrocycles comprising an annulated isocyclic ring and related compounds

1. A method of making a compound of Formula I:

wherein:

R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , R 11 , R 12 , R 13 and R 14 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylalkenyl, cycloalkylalkynyl, heterocyclo, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkynyl, aryl, aryloxy, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, arylalkynyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylalkenyl, heteroarylalkynyl, alkoxy, halo, mercapto, azido, cyano, formyl, carboxylic acid, hydroxyl, nitro, acyl, alkylthio, amino, alkylamino, arylalkylamino, disubstituted amino, acylamino, acyloxy, ester, amide, sulfoxyl, sulfonyl, sulfonate, sulfonic acid, sulfonamide, urea, alkoxylacylamino, aminoacyloxy, a hydrophilic group, a linking group, a surface attachment group, and a targeting group, wherein the hydrophilic group is selected from the group consisting of an ionic group, a polar group, a polyol group, and a polyalkylene oxide group, and the surface attachment group is selected from the group consisting of an alkenyl, alkynyl, alcohol, thiol, selenyl, phosphono, telluryl, cyano, amino, formyl, halo, boryl, and carboxylic acid group;

or R 1 and R 2 together are ═O or spiroalkyl;

or R 3 and R 4 together are ═O or spiroalkyl;

or R 9 and R 10 together are ═O or spiroalkyl;

or R 11 and R 12 together are ═O or spiroalkyl;

or R 5 and R 6 together represent a fused aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system;

or R 6 and R 7 together represent a fused aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system;

or R 13 and R 14 together represent a fused aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system;

R 15 and R 16 together are ═O; and

Z is —CO 2 R 17 , wherein R 17 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, and aryl;

the method comprising condensing a compound of Formula II and a compound of Formula III in a composition comprising a first solvent to produce an intermediate, wherein the intermediate is a compound of Formula VI:

wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 and Z are each as provided above, and R 21 and R 22 are each an alkyl;

wherein the compound of Formula II has a structure of:

wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , and R 7 are each as provided above;

wherein the compound of Formula III has a structure of:

wherein R 9 , R 10 , R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 21 and R 22 are each as provided above; and

condensing the intermediate in a second solvent in the presence of an acid to produce the compound of Formula I.

2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising metalating the compound of Formula I to produce the metal conjugate of the compound of Formula I.

3. The method of claim 1 ,

wherein R 17 is an alkyl.

4. The method of claim 2 , wherein the compound is a metal conjugate with the metal selected from the group consisting of Pd, Pt, Mg, Zn, Al, Ga, In, Sn, Cu, Ni, Au, and Fe.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least one of R 1 through R 14 is a linking group.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least one of R 1 through R 14 is a hydrophilic group.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least one of R 1 through R 14 is a targeting group.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein:

R 1 is a hydrophilic group, and R 2 , R 3 , and/or R 4 is a linking group or targeting group; or

R 2 is a hydrophilic group, and R 1 , R 3 , and/or R 4 is a linking group or targeting group; or

R 3 is a hydrophilic group, and R 1 , R 2 , and/or R 4 is a linking group or targeting group; or

R 4 is a hydrophilic group, and R 1 , R 2 , and/or R 3 is a linking group or targeting group; or

R 9 is a hydrophilic group, and R 10 , R 11 , and/or R 12 is a linking group or targeting group; or

R 10 is a hydrophilic group, and R 9 , R 11 , and/or R 12 is a linking group or targeting group; or

R 11 is a hydrophilic group, and R 9 , R 10 , and/or R 12 is a linking group or targeting group; or

R 12 is a hydrophilic group, and R 9 , R 10 , and/or R 11 is a linking group or targeting group.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein:

R 1 is a linking group or targeting group, and R 2 , R 3 , and/or R 4 is a hydrophilic group; or

R 2 is a linking group or targeting group, and R 1 , R 3 , and/or R 4 is a hydrophilic group; or

R 3 is a linking group or targeting group, and R 1 , R 2 , and/or R 4 is a hydrophilic group; or

R 4 is a linking group or targeting group, and R 1 , R 2 , and/or R 3 is a hydrophilic group; or

R 9 is a linking group or targeting group, and R 10 , R 11 , and/or R 12 is a hydrophilic group; or

R 10 is a linking group or targeting group, and R 9 , R 11 , and/or R 12 is a hydrophilic group; or

R 11 is a linking group or targeting group, and R 9 , R 10 , and/or R 12 is a hydrophilic group; or

R 12 is a linking group or targeting group, and R 9 , R 10 , and/or R 11 is a hydrophilic group.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein R 7 is a halogen.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of condensing the compound of Formula II and the compound of Formula III in the composition comprising the first solvent is carried out using a Knoevenagel condensation reaction.

12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of condensing the intermediate in the second solvent in the presence of the acid is carried out using a Nazarov cyclization reaction.