Method for electrolytically passivating an outermost chromium or outermost chromium alloy layer to increase corrosion resistance thereof
A method for electrolytically passivating an outermost chromium or chromium alloy layer to increase corrosion resistance thereof, including steps of (i) providing a substrate comprising said outermost chromium or chromium alloy layer, (ii) providing or manufacturing an aqueous, acidic passivation solution comprising trivalent chromium ions, phosphate ions, one or more organic acid residue anion, (iii) contacting the substrate with the passivation solution and passing an electrical current between the substrate as a cathode and an anode in the passivation solution such that a passivation layer is deposited onto the outermost layer, wherein the trivalent chromium ions are obtained by chemically reducing hexavalent chromium in presence of phosphoric acid and at least one reducing agent, with the proviso that during or after the chemical reducing the one or more than one organic acid residue anion is present for the first time in the passivation solution.
1. A method for electrolytically passivating an outermost chromium or outermost chromium alloy layer to increase corrosion resistance thereof, the method comprising the steps of
(i) providing a substrate comprising said outermost chromium or outermost chromium alloy layer,
(ii) providing or manufacturing an aqueous, acidic passivation solution, the solution comprising
trivalent chromium ions,
phosphate ions,
one or more than one organic acid residue anion, and
(iii) contacting the substrate with the passivation solution and passing an electrical current between the substrate as a cathode and an anode in the passivation solution such that a passivation layer is deposited onto the outermost chromium or outermost chromium alloy layer,
wherein
in the passivation solution said trivalent chromium ions are obtained by chemically reducing hexavalent chromium in the presence of phosphoric acid through at least one reducing agent selected from the group consisting of hydrogen peroxide and organic reducing agents,
with the proviso that during or after the chemical reducing the one or more than one organic acid residue anion is present for the first time in the passivation solution, and
wherein the chemical reducing is carried out and started in the presence of phosphoric acid and is started in the absence of the one or more than one organic acid residue anion, said one or more than one organic acid residue anion being present for the first time after the start of the chemical reducing.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein in step (i) the outermost layer is
(a) directly on a surface of a base-substrate to form the substrate as defined in step (i), or
(b) a layer of a layer stack, the layer stack being on a surface of a base-substrate.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the outermost layer has a maximum layer thickness of 500 nm or less.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein in step (i) the outermost layer is obtained from electrolytically deposited trivalent chromium ions.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein in step (i) the outermost chromium alloy layer comprises a total amount of chromium of 45 atom-% or more, based on the total amount of atoms in the outermost chromium alloy layer.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more than one organic acid residue anion in the aqueous, acidic passivation solution is
selected from the group consisting of organic acid residue anions having one carboxylic moiety, carboxylic acid residue anions having two carboxylic moieties, and carboxylic acid residue anions having three carboxylic moieties.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the aqueous, acidic passivation solution does not contain boric acid.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the aqueous, acidic passivation solution does not contain thiocyanate.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein said trivalent chromium ions are obtained by chemically reducing chromium trioxide.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one reducing agent is or at least comprises hydrogen peroxide.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more than one organic acid residue anion is obtained from corresponding carboxylic acids.
12. A method for electrolytically passivating an outermost chromium or outermost chromium alloy layer to increase corrosion resistance thereof, the method comprising the steps of
(i) providing a substrate comprising said outermost chromium or outermost chromium alloy layer,
(ii) providing or manufacturing an aqueous, acidic passivation solution, the solution comprising
trivalent chromium ions,
phosphate ions,
one or more than one organic acid residue anion, and
(iii) contacting the substrate with the passivation solution and passing an electrical current between the substrate as a cathode and an anode in the passivation solution such that a passivation layer is deposited onto the outermost chromium or outermost chromium alloy layer,
wherein
in the passivation solution said trivalent chromium ions are obtained by chemically reducing hexavalent chromium in the presence of phosphoric acid through at least one reducing agent selected from the group consisting of hydrogen peroxide and organic reducing agents,
with the proviso that during or after the chemical reducing the one or more than one organic acid residue anion is present for the first time in the passivation solution, wherein
the aqueous, acidic passivation solution comprises oxalate, and
the chemical reducing is carried out and started in the presence of phosphoric acid and is started in the absence of oxalate, oxalate being present for the first time after the start of the chemical reducing.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein in step (iii) the cathodic current density of the electrical current is in the range from 0.1 to 8 A/dm 2 .
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the aqueous, acidic passivation solution does not contain sulfur containing compounds comprising a sulfur atom having an oxidation state below +6.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more than one organic acid residue anion is obtained from carboxylic acids.
16. The method of claim 12 wherein the oxalate is present for the first time after at least 90% of the hexavalent chromium is chemically reduced, based on the total molar amount of hexavalent chromium in the passivation solution at the start of the chemical reducing.