Wheel comprising a tire
A wheel for a vehicle, such as a forklift (e.g., an electric forklift) or another material-handling vehicle, in which the wheel comprises a tire (e.g., a non-pneumatic tire) and may be designed to enhance its use and performance and/or use and performance of the vehicle, including, for example, to exhibit less rolling resistance, be more energy-efficient and/or allow the vehicle to travel faster and/or with improved ride comfort. For instance, elastic deformation of the wheel as it rolls may be better managed (e.g., reduced), which may improve thermal behavior of the wheel and/or may be combined with ways to better distribute or dissipate heat (e.g., by increasing thermal conductivity).
1. A tire for a wheel rolling on an underlying surface, the tire being elastomeric and non-pneumatic and comprising a plurality of layers that are structurally different and arranged in a radial direction of the tire, wherein:
an outer one of the layers comprises an outer surface for contacting the underlying surface;
an inner one of the layers comprises an inner surface for facing an axis of rotation of the wheel;
an intermediate one of the layers is disposed between and is in contact with an outwardly-adjacent one of the layers and an inwardly-adjacent one of the layers, configured to decouple elastic deformations of the outwardly-adjacent one of the layers and the inwardly-adjacent one of the layers, and comprises reinforcing cables that comprise a metallic material and that extend transversally to a circumferential direction of the tire;
an elastomeric material of the intermediate one of the layers is different from at least one of an elastomeric material of the outwardly-adjacent one of the layers and an elastomeric material of the inwardly-adjacent one of the layers; and
the intermediate one of the layers is stiffer in a given direction than the outwardly-adjacent one of the layers.
2. The tire of claim 1 , wherein a ratio of a stiffness of the intermediate one of the layers in the given direction over a stiffness of the outwardly-adjacent one of the layers in the given direction is at least 1.2.
3. The tire of claim 1 , wherein the given direction is the radial direction of the tire.
4. The tire of claim 1 , wherein the given direction is a circumferential direction of the tire.
5. The tire of claim 1 , wherein the given direction is a lateral direction of the tire.
6. The tire of claim 1 , wherein the intermediate one of the layers is stiffer in plural directions of the tire than the outwardly-adjacent one of the layers.
7. The tire of claim 1 , wherein a material of the intermediate one of the layers is stiffer than a material of the outwardly-adjacent one of the layers.
8. The tire of claim 7 , wherein a ratio of a modulus of elasticity of the material of the intermediate one of the layers over a modulus of elasticity of the material of the outwardly-adjacent one of the layers is at least 10.
9. The tire of claim 1 , wherein the reinforcing cables extend transversally to the radial direction of the tire.
10. The tire of claim 9 , wherein the reinforcing cables extend substantially normal to the circumferential direction of the tire and the radial direction of the tire.
11. The tire of claim 9 , wherein the reinforcing cables extend substantially parallel to a lateral direction of the tire.
12. The tire of claim 1 , wherein a ratio of a length of each reinforcing cable over a width of the tire is at least 0.7.
13. The tire of claim 12 , wherein the reinforcing cables extend across the tire to lateral surfaces of the tire.
14. The tire of claim 12 , wherein the ratio of the length of the reinforcing cable over the width of the tire is at least 0.9.
15. The tire of claim 1 , wherein respective ones of the reinforcing cables are spaced apart from one another in the radial direction of the tire.
16. The tire of claim 1 , wherein: the wheel comprises a wheel body for connecting the wheel to an axle; the tire is configured to be press-mounted about the wheel body; and the inner one of the layers comprises a mounting band configured to press-mount the tire onto the wheel body.
17. The tire of claim 1 , wherein the outwardly-adjacent one of the layers is the outer one of the layers.
18. The tire of claim 1 , wherein the wheel comprises a wheel body for connecting the wheel to an axle and the tire is disposed around the wheel body for contacting the underlying surface.
19. The tire of claim 18 , wherein the tire is securable to the wheel body via a press-fit.
20. The tire of claim 1 , wherein a rolling resistance coefficient of the tire is no more than 14 kg f /t f according to VDI 2196.
21. The tire of claim 1 , wherein a working-day-average-speed (WDAS) for the tire is allowed to be greater than 8 km/h.
22. A vehicle comprising the tire of claim 1 .
23. The vehicle of claim 22 , wherein the vehicle is a material-handling vehicle.
24. The vehicle of claim 23 , wherein the material-handling vehicle is a forklift.
25. The vehicle of claim 24 , wherein the forklift is an electrical forklift.
26. A tire for a wheel rolling on an underlying surface, the tire being elastomeric and non-pneumatic and comprising:
an outer surface for contacting the underlying surface;
an inner surface for facing an axis of rotation of the wheel; and
reinforcing cables extending transversally to a circumferential direction of the tire and substantially parallel to a lateral direction of the tire;
wherein: the reinforcing cables extend across the tire to lateral surfaces of the tire; and given ones of the reinforcing cables that extend substantially parallel to the lateral direction of the tire are spaced apart from one another in a radial direction of the tire.
27. The tire of claim 26 , wherein a layer of the tire comprising the reinforcing cables is stiffer than an adjacent layer of the tire.
28. The tire of claim 27 , wherein a ratio of a stiffness of the layer of the tire comprising the reinforcing cables in a given direction over a stiffness of the adjacent layer of the tire in a given direction is at least 1.2.
29. The tire of claim 27 , wherein the layer comprising the reinforcing cables is stiffer in the radial direction of the tire than the adjacent layer.
30. The tire of claim 27 , wherein the layer comprising the reinforcing cables is stiffer in a circumferential direction of the tire than the adjacent layer.
31. The tire of claim 27 , wherein the layer comprising the reinforcing cables is stiffer in a lateral direction of the tire than the adjacent layer.
32. The tire of claim 27 , wherein the layer comprising the reinforcing cables is stiffer in plural directions of the tire than the adjacent layer.
33. The tire of claim 26 , wherein a material of a layer of the tire comprising the reinforcing cables is stiffer than a material of an adjacent layer of the tire.
34. The tire of claim 33 , wherein a ratio of a modulus of elasticity of the material of the layer comprising the reinforcing cables over a modulus of elasticity of the material of the adjacent layer is at least 10.
35. The tire of claim 26 , wherein the reinforcing cables extend transversally to a radial direction of the tire.
36. The tire of claim 35 , wherein the reinforcing cables extend substantially normal to the circumferential direction of the tire and the radial direction of the tire.
37. The tire of claim 26 wherein a ratio of a length of each reinforcing cable over a width of the tire is at least 0.5.
38. The tire of claim 37 , wherein the ratio of the length of each reinforcing cable over the width of the tire is at least 0.7.
39. The tire of claim 26 , wherein the given ones of the reinforcing cables spaced apart from one another in the radial direction of the tire are arranged in a plurality of rows that are spaced apart from one another in the radial direction of the tire and differently configured.
40. The tire of claim 39 , wherein a spacing of adjacent ones of the reinforcing cables of a first one of the rows is different from a spacing of adjacent ones of the reinforcing cables of a second one of the rows.
41. The tire of claim 26 , wherein the wheel comprises a wheel body for connecting the wheel to an axle and the tire is disposed around the wheel body for contacting the underlying surface.
42. The tire of claim 41 , wherein the tire is securable to the wheel body via a press-fit.
43. The tire of claim 26 , wherein a rolling resistance coefficient of the tire is no more than 14 kg f /t f according to VDI 2196.
44. The tire of claim 26 , wherein a working-day-average-speed (WDAS) for the tire is allowed to be greater than 8 km/h.
45. A vehicle comprising the tire of claim 26 .
46. The vehicle of claim 45 , wherein the vehicle is a material-handling vehicle.
47. The vehicle of claim 46 , wherein the material-handling vehicle is a forklift.
48. The vehicle of claim 47 , wherein the forklift is an electrical forklift.
49. A tire for a wheel rolling on an underlying surface, the tire being elastomeric and non-pneumatic and comprising:
an outer surface for contacting the underlying surface;
an inner surface for facing an axis of rotation of the wheel; and
reinforcing cables extending transversally to a circumferential direction of the tire and substantially parallel to a lateral direction of the tire across the tire,
wherein given ones of the reinforcing cables are spaced apart from one another in a radial direction of the tire in a plurality of rows, and
wherein a diameter of each of the reinforcing cables in a first row of the plurality of rows is different from a diameter of each of the reinforcing cables in a second row of the plurality of rows.