Thiophene monoamine based organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites

1. An organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite of Formula I:

(R 1 NH 3 + ) 2 (A + ) n-1 (M 2+ ) n (X − ) 3n+1    I

wherein:

(R 1 NH 3 + ) represents an asymmetric mono-ammonium cationic moiety:

A + represents a cation Cs + , Rb + , CH 3 NH 3 + , CH 3 CH 2 NH 3 + , or

R 2 is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, -Me, -Et, —OMe, —OEt, —SMe, —SEt, —CN, —NO 2 , —COMe, —CHO, —COOMe, or —NH—COMe;

(Ar) m represents a conjugated and optionally substituted aryl or hetero aryl system, or a combination thereof, wherein each aryl or hetero aryl ring in the conjugated and optionally substituted aryl or hetero aryl system may be same or different, wherein aryl or hetero aryl may be optionally substituted by —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, -Me, -Et, —OMe, —OEt, —SMe, —SEt, —CN, —NO 2 , —COMe, —CHO, —COOMe, —NH—COMe, or any combination thereof;

M 2+ represents a divalent metal cation Pb 2+ , Sn 2+ , Ge 2+ , Cu 2+ , Zn 2+ , Cd 2+ , Hg 2+ , Ni 2+ , Co 2+ , Fe 2+ , Mn 2+ , Cr 2+ , V 2+ , Pd 2+ , Pt 2+ ,or a combination thereof; or a combination of one monovalent metal cation selected from the group consisting of Ag + , Cu + , Tl + , Au + , and one trivalent metal cation selected from the group consisting of Bi 3+ , Sb 3+ , In 3+ , As 3+ , Au 3+ , Y 3+ , to make the average valence of the metal cation to be 2+;

X is F, Cl, Br or I;

l is 1-4;

m is 0-5; and

n is 1-6;

wherein the positions of R 2 and (Ar) m on the thiophenyl ring can be exchanged.

2. The organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite of claim 1 , wherein A + is CH 3 NH 3 + , CH 3 CH 2 NH 3 + , or

3. The organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite of claim 1 , wherein R 2 is —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, -Me, -Et, —OMe, —OEt, —SMe, —SEt, —CN, —NO 2 , —COMe, —CHO, —COOMe, or —NH—COMe.

4. The organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite of claim 1 , wherein R 2 is -Me.

5. The organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite of claim 1 , wherein (Ar) m represents a conjugated and optionally substituted aryl or hetero aryl system, or a combination thereof, wherein each aryl or hetero aryl ring in the conjugated and optionally substituted aryl or hetero aryl system may be same or different, wherein Ar is selected from the group consisting of:

and any combination thereof.

6. The organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite of claim 1 , wherein Ar is selected from the group consisting of:

and any combination thereof.

7. The organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite of claim 1 , wherein M 2+ is a divalent metal cation Pb 2+ , Sn 2+ , Ge 2+ , Cu 2+ , Zn 2+ , Cd 2+ , Hg 2+ , Ni 2+ , Co 2+ , Fe 2+ , Mn 2+ , Cr 2+ , V 2+ , Pd 2+ , Pt 2+ , or a combination thereof.

8. The organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite of claim 1 , wherein X is Cl, Br or I.

9. The organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite of claim 1 , wherein m is 2-4.

10. The organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite of claim 1 , wherein (R 1 NH 3 + ) is selected from the group consisting of: