Rechargeable non-aqueous sodium-air batteries

1. An electrochemical device comprising:

an air cathode comprising air and a catalyst comprising Pt, Pd, Au, Ru, Ir, Ag, PtNi, PtAu, PtCu, PtRu, PtPd, MnO 2 , NiO, Co 3 O 4 , CeO 2 , V 2 O 5 , Fe 2 O 3 , ZnO, CuO, NaMnO 2 , or a combination of any two or more thereof;

an anode comprising a metal;

a discharge product comprising sodium peroxide dihydrate (Na 2 O 2 .2H 2 O) and NaOH.H 2 O 2 ;

a porous separator; and

a non-aqueous electrolyte comprising a sodium salt and a solvent.

2. The electrochemical device of claim 1 , wherein the air cathode comprises an air cathode layer comprising an electroconductive material and the air.

3. The electrochemical device of claim 1 , wherein the air comprises N 2 , O 2 , CO 2 , and water.

4. The electrochemical device of claim 2 , wherein the electroconductive material comprises a porous carbon material selected from one or more of synthetic graphite, natural graphite, expanded graphite, graphene, reduced graphene oxide, a metal-organic framework, amorphous carbon, hard carbon, soft carbon, carbon black, acetylene black, carbon spheres, mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB), mesoporous carbon, porous carbon matrix, carbon nanofiber, carbon aerogel, single-walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, and carbon nanotube arrays.

5. The electrochemical device of claim 1 , wherein the electrochemical device comprises a sodium-air secondary battery.

6. The electrochemical device of claim 1 , wherein the air cathode further comprises a current collector, a conductive carbon material, a binder, or any combination thereof.

7. The electrochemical device of claim 1 , wherein the anode comprises one or more of sodium, sodiated carbon, sodiated tin, sodiated silicon, sodiated antimony, sodium lithium alloy, and sodium titanium oxide.

8. The electrochemical device of claim 1 , wherein the sodium salt comprises Na[CF 3 CO 2 ]; Na[C 2 F 5 CO 2 ]; NaClO 4 ; NaBF 4 ; NaAsF 6 ; NaPF 6 ; Na[PF 2 (C 2 O 4 ) 2 ]; Na[PF 4 (C 2 O 4 )]; Na[CF 3 SO 3 ]; Na[CH 3 SO 3 ]; Na[N(SO 2 F) 2 ]; Na[N(SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 ]; Na[C(CF 3 SO 2 ) 3 ]; Na[N(SO 2 C 2 F 5 ) 2 ]; NaSiF 6 ; NaSbF 6 ; NaAlCl 4 ; NaNO 3 ; Na 2 SO 4 ; a sodium alkyl fluorophosphate; a sodium alkyl fluoroborate; sodium 4,5-dicyano-2-(trifluoromethyl)imidazole; sodium 4,5-dicyano-2-methylimidazole; trisodium 2,2′,2″-tris(trifluoromethyl)benzotris (imidazolate); Na[B(C 2 O 4 ) 2 ]; Na[BF 2 (C 2 O 4 ) 2 ]; Na 2 [(B 12 X 12-n H n )]; Na 2 [(B 10 X 10-n′ H n′ )]; or a mixture of any two or more thereof, wherein X is independently at each occurrence a halogen, n, is an integer from 0 to 12 and n′ is an integer from 0 to 10.

9. The electrochemical device of claim 1 , wherein the sodium salt is present in the electrolyte at a concentration of about 0.1 M to about 5.0 M.

10. The electrochemical device of claim 1 , wherein the solvent comprises dimethoxyethane (DME), diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (DEGDME), triethylene glycol dimethyl ether, tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEGDME), solid electrolytes such as Na 3 PS 4 inorganic solid electrolyte, β-Alumina electrolyte, NASICON based solid electrolyte of NaMP 3 O 12 , gel electrolytes, polyethylene oxide (PEO), polyacrylonitride (PAN), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), and combinations thereof; wherein M is a divalent cation, a trivalent cation, a tetravalent cation, or a pentavalent cation.

11. The electrochemical device of claim 1 , wherein the solvent comprises dimethoxyethane (DME), diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (DEGDME), triethylene glycol dimethyl ether, tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEGDME), or a combination of any two or more thereof.

12. The electrochemical device of claim 1 , wherein the electrochemical device is a sodium-air secondary battery.

13. The electrochemical device of claim 1 , wherein the porous separator comprises a glass fiber material, a carbon fiber material, polyethylene, polypropylene/polyethylene/polypropylene, solid state membranes, or a combination of any two or more thereof.

14. A process of discharging a sodium-air battery, the process comprising discharging a sodium-air battery to form a discharged sodium-air battery comprising:

an air cathode comprising a catalyst comprising Pt, Pd, Au, Ru, Ir, Ag, PtNi, PtAu, PtCu, PtRu, PtPd, MnO 2 , NiO, Co 3 O 4 , CeO 2 , V 2 O 5 , Fe 2 O 3 , ZnO, CuO, NaMnO 2 , or a combination of any two or more thereof; and

a discharge product of sodium peroxide dihydrate (Na 2 O 2 .2H 2 O) and NaOH.H 2 O 2 .

15. The process of claim 14 , wherein the discharging is conducted under an air atmosphere comprising N 2 , O 2 , CO 2 , and water.

16. The process of claim 14 , further comprising applying a potential to the discharged sodium-air battery to reverse the formation of sodium peroxide dihydrate and NaOH.H 2 O 2 .

17. The process of claim 14 , wherein the sodium-air battery is discharged to about 2.4 V to about 1.6V.