Palladium-based alloys
Palladium-based ternary or higher alloys include palladium at about 45-55 wt %, copper about 32-42 wt %, silver at about 8-15 wt %, rhenium at about 0-5 wt %, and optionally one or more modifying elements at up to 1.0 wt %. The alloys are age-hardenable, provide hardness in excess of 350 HK (Knoop, 100 g load), have electrical conductivities above 19.5% IACS (International Annealed Copper Standard), have an elevated temperature strength above 100 ksi at temperatures up to 480° F. (250° C.), and remain ductile (tensile elongation>2%) in their fully age-hardened condition. The alloys may be used in static and moveable electrical contact and probe applications.
1. An electrical testing device or a medical device comprising a palladium-based ternary or higher alloy, the alloy consisting of:
(a) palladium at about 45-55 wt %;
(b) copper at about 32-42 wt %;
(c) silver at about 8-15 wt %;
(d) rhenium at about 1.1-5 wt %;
(e) up to 1.0 wt % modifying elements selected from the group consisting of: ruthenium, zirconium, gallium, and zinc; and
(f) optionally, one or more impurities.
2. The electrical testing device or medical device of claim 1 , wherein the palladium is present at about 51-55 wt %, the copper is present at about 32-40 wt %, the silver is present at about 8.5-14 wt %, and the rhenium is present at about 1.1-2.5 wt %.
3. The electrical testing device or medical device of claim 1 , wherein the palladium is present at about 51-55 wt %, the copper is present at about 32-40 wt %, the silver is present at about 8.5-14 wt %, and zinc is present at about 0.2-0.8 wt %.
4. The electrical testing device or medical device of claim 1 , wherein the alloy is age-hardened and maintains a yield strength above 100 ksi at about 60° F. to about 480° F.
5. The eyelectrical testing device or medical device of claim 1 , wherein the alloy exhibits a tensile elongation that is greater than 6%.
6. The eyelectrical testing device or medical device of claim 1 , further comprising greater than 0 wt % to 1.0 wt % modifying elements selected from the group consisting of: ruthenium, zirconium, gallium, and zinc.
7. The electrical testing device or medical device of claim 1 , wherein a heat-treated electrical conductivity of the alloy exceeds 19.5%IACS.
8. The electrical testing device or medical device of claim 1 , wherein the alloy exhibits a second phase of rhenium.
9. The electrical testing device or medical device of claim 1 , wherein the alloy has a Pd:Cu ratio of about 1.05 to 1.6 by weight and a Pd:Ag ratio of about 3 to 6 by weight.
10. A semiconductor probe comprising a palladium-based ternary or higher alloy, the alloy consisting of:
(a) palladium at about 45-55 wt %;
(b) copper at about 32-42 wt %;
(c) silver at about 8-15 wt %;
(d) rhenium at about 1.1-5 wt %;
(e) up to 1.0 wt % modifying elements selected from the group consisting of: ruthenium, zirconium, gallium, and zinc; and
(f) optionally, one or more impurities.
11. The semiconductor probe of claim 10 , wherein the probe is configured as a Cobra probe, a cantilever probe, a vertical probe, or a pogo pin probe.
12. The semiconductor probe of claim 10 , wherein a heat-treated electrical conductivity of the alloy exceeds 19.5%IACS.
13. The semiconductor probe of claim 10 , wherein the alloy exhibits a second phase of rhenium.
14. The semiconductor probe of claim 10 , wherein the alloy has a Pd:Cu ratio of about 1.05 to 1.6 by weight and a Pd:Ag ratio of about 3 to 6 by weight.
15. A palladium-based ternary or higher alloy, consisting of:
(a) palladium at about 45-55 wt %;
(b) copper at about 32-42 wt %;
(c) silver at about 8-15 wt %;
(d) rhenium at about 1.1-5 wt %;
(e) up to 1.0 wt % modifying elements selected from the group consisting of: ruthenium, zirconium, gallium, and zinc; and
(f) optionally, one or more impurities.
16. The alloy of claim 15 , wherein the alloy exhibits a second phase of rhenium.
17. The alloy of claim 15 , wherein the palladium is present at about 51-55 wt %, the copper is present at about 32-40 wt %, the silver is present at about 8.5-14 wt %, and the rhenium is present at about 1.1-2.5 wt %.
18. The alloy of claim 15 , wherein a heat-treated electrical conductivity of the alloy exceeds 25% IACS.
19. The alloy of claim 15 , wherein a heat-treated hardness of the alloy is at least 350 Knoop.
20. The alloy of claim 15 , wherein the alloy is age-hardened and has a tensile elongation of greater than 2%.