Porous devices and processes for producing same
Devices and methods for making a polymer with a porous layer from a solid piece of polymer are disclosed. In various embodiments, the method includes heating a surface of a solid piece of polymer to a processing temperature and holding the processing temperature while displacing a porogen layer through the surface of the polymer to create a matrix layer of the solid polymer body comprising the polymer and the porogen layer. In at least one embodiment, the method also includes removing at least a portion of the layer of porogen from the matrix layer to create a porous layer of the solid piece of polymer.
1. A method for generating a medical device that promotes tissue ingrowth, the method comprising:
heating a surface of a solid piece of polymer to a processing temperature below a melting point of the polymer;
holding the processing temperature while applying pressure to displace a porogen layer through the surface of the polymer to create a matrix layer comprising the polymer and the porogen layer; and
removing at least a portion of the porogen layer from the matrix layer thereby forming the medical device comprising at least a portion of the solid piece of the polymer with a porous layer.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least a portion of the solid piece of the polymer is integrally and directly connected with the porous layer.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the porous layer comprises a first percentage of hydroxyl groups that is greater than a second percentage of hydroxyl groups in the solid piece of polymer.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the porous layer comprises a first carbon to oxygen atomic ratio that is substantially identical to a second carbon to oxygen atomic ratio of the solid piece of the polymer.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the porous layer comprises a first wettability that is greater than the second wettability of the solid piece of the polymer.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein removing at least a portion of the porogen layer from the matrix layer comprises removing substantially all of the porogen layer.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the porous layer comprises a plurality of pores that is substantially spherical and in an irregular distribution pattern.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polymer comprises a thermoplastic polymer.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the porosity of the porous layer is between about 61% to about 66%.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the interconnectivity of the porous layer is about 99%.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein an interfacial shear strength between the at least a portion of the solid piece of the polymer and the porous surface layer of the medical device is at least about 17 MPa.
12. A method for generating a medical device that promotes tissue ingrowth, the method comprising:
heating a surface of a solid piece of polymer to a processing temperature below a melting point of the polymer;
holding the processing temperature while applying pressure, for a processing time, to displace a porogen layer through the surface of the polymer into the solid piece of polymer by a defined distance to create a matrix layer comprising the polymer and the porogen layer;
removing the applied pressure and heat and cooling the surface of the solid piece of polymer at a predetermined rate; and
removing the porogen layer from the matrix layer thereby forming the medical device comprising at least a portion of the solid piece of the polymer directly connected with a porous layer.
13. The method of claim 12 further comprising, prior to holding the processing temperature while applying pressure for the processing time, determining the processing time based on a desired interfacial shear strength of the medical device.
14. The method of claim 12 , wherein an interfacial shear strength of the medical device increases substantially linearly with increase of the processing time.
15. The method of claim 12 , wherein the porous layer comprises a first percentage of hydroxyl groups that is greater than a second percentage of hydroxyl groups in the solid piece of polymer.
16. The method of claim 12 , wherein the porous layer comprises a first carbon to oxygen atomic ratio that is substantially identical a second carbon to oxygen atomic ratio of the solid piece of the polymer.
17. The method of claim 12 , wherein the porous layer comprises a first wettability that is greater than the second wettability of the solid piece of the polymer.
18. The method of claim 12 , wherein the porosity of the porous layer is between about 61% to about 66% and the interconnectivity of the porous layer is about 99%.
19. The method of claim 12 , wherein an interfacial shear strength between the at least a portion of the solid piece of the polymer and the porous surface layer of the medical device is at least about 17 MPa.
20. A method for generating a medical device that promotes tissue ingrowth, the method comprising:
heating a surface of a solid piece of polymer to a processing temperature below a melting point of the polymer;
holding the processing temperature while applying pressure to displace a porogen layer through the surface of the polymer to create a matrix layer comprising the polymer and the porogen layer; and
removing at least a portion of the porogen layer from the matrix layer thereby forming the medical device comprising at least a portion of the solid piece of the polymer with a porous layer, wherein the porous layer comprises a first percentage of hydroxyl groups that is greater than a second percentage of hydroxyl groups in the solid piece of polymer, and wherein the porous layer comprises a first wettability that is greater than the second wettability of the solid piece of the polymer.