Bismuth-based chloride-storage electrodes
Bismuth-based, chloride-storage electrodes and rechargeable electrochemical cells incorporating the chloride-storage electrodes are provided. Also provided are methods for making the electrodes and methods for using the electrochemical cells to remove chloride ions from a sample. The chloride-storage electrodes, which are composed of bismuth metal, can store chloride ions in their bulk by forming BiOCl via an oxidation reaction with bismuth in the presence of an oxygen source.
1. An electrochemical cell comprising:
a chloride-storage anode comprising bismuth, wherein the chloride-storage anode is able to store chloride ions by oxidizing the bismuth to BiOCl;
an electrolyte solution comprising chloride ions in contact with the chloride-storage anode;
a cathode in electrical communication with the chloride-storage anode; and
an electrolyte solution in contact with the cathode, wherein the electrolyte solution in contact with the cathode is either the electrolyte solution comprising chloride ions that is in contact with the chloride storage anode or a different electrolyte solution.
2. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the bismuth is a porous nanocrystalline bismuth foam comprising pore walls that define pores, and further wherein the pore walls comprise crystalline bismuth dendrites.
3. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the cathode is a sodium-storage electrode and the electrolyte solution in contact with the cathode comprises sodium ions.
4. The electrochemical cell of claim 3 , wherein the electrolyte solution comprising chloride ions comprises salinated water from a natural body of water.
5. The electrochemical cell of claim 4 , wherein the electrolyte solution comprising chloride ions comprises seawater.
6. The electrochemical cell of claim 3 , wherein the cathode comprises N a Ti 2 (PO 4 ) 3 .
7. The electrochemical cell of claim 3 , wherein the cathode comprises Na 2 V 6 O 16 .
8. The electrochemical cell of claim 3 , wherein the cathode comprises Na 2 FeP 2 O 7 .
9. The electrochemical cell of claim 3 , wherein the cathode comprises MnO 2 .
10. The electrochemical cell of claim 3 , wherein the cathode comprises Na 0.44 MnO 2 .
11. The electrochemical cell of claim 3 , wherein the cathode comprises Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 .
12. The electrochemical cell of claim 3 , wherein the cathode comprises NaVPO 4 F.
13. The electrochemical cell of claim 3 , wherein the cathode comprises CuHCF.
14. The electrochemical cell of claim 3 , wherein the cathode comprises NiHCF.
15. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the cathode is a hydrogen-evolution electrode and the electrolyte solution in contact with the second electrode comprises a chemical species that provides a hydrogen source.
16. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the cathode is an oxygen reduction electrode.
17. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte solution comprising chloride ions comprises water from a natural body of water or a wastewater.
18. The electrochemical cell of claim 17 , wherein the electrolyte solution comprising chloride ions comprises seawater.
19. The electrochemical cell of claim 17 , wherein the cathode is a sodium-storage electrode.
20. The electrochemical cell of claim 17 , wherein the cathode is a hydrogen-evolution electrode.
21. The electrochemical cell of claim 17 , wherein the cathode is an oxygen reduction electrode.
22. The electrochemical cell of claim 17 , wherein the electrolyte solution comprising chloride ions comprises the wastewater and the wastewater is an industrial, municipal, or residential wastewater.
23. The electrochemical cell of claim 22 , wherein the cathode is a sodium-storage electrode.
24. The electrochemical cell of claim 22 , wherein the cathode is a hydrogen-evolution electrode.
25. The electrochemical cell of claim 22 , wherein the cathode is an oxygen reduction electrode.