Method of making an electrochemical cell

1. A method of making an electrochemical cell, comprising:

depositing an anode layer on a surface of a porous metal support layer, wherein the porous metal support layer has a porosity of 20% to 50% based on a total volume of the porous metal support layer and the anode layer comprises a mixture of porous nickel oxide and an electrolyte material comprising barium in a stoichiometric amount of 1.0;

depositing an electrolyte layer on a surface of the anode layer, wherein the electrolyte layer comprises barium in a stoichiometric amount of 1.0,

wherein the electrolyte layer is deposited via suspension plasma spray, wherein the electrolyte layer conducts protons, and wherein the suspension plasma spray includes 10% to 30% greater barium by weight than a desired amount of barium in the formed electrochemical cell, and wherein the barium of the suspension plasma spray is of the compound Ba 1.0+x Y 0.2 Zr 0.8 O 3 wherein x is between 0.1 to 0.3; and

depositing a cathode layer on a surface of the electrolyte layer.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrochemical cell is a solid oxide fuel cell, a solid oxide electrolysis cell, or a combination thereof.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the anode layer is deposited via suspension plasma spray or auxiliary plasma spray.

4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising depositing an oxidation protection layer in between the anode layer and the metal support layer.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the anode layer comprises a porous structure.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the barium in the electrolyte layer is of the compound Ba 1.0 Y 0.2 Zr 0.8 O 3 .

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein electrolyte layer comprises greater than or equal to 35% barium by weight based on a total weight of the electrolyte layer.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte layer comprises yttrium doped barium zirconate, cerium doped barium yttrium zirconate, cerium/ytterbium doped barium yttrium zirconate, yttrium/tin doped barium zirconate, or a combination thereof.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cathode layer comprises a perovskite mineral.

10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the cathode layer comprises Ba 0.5 Pr 0.5 CoO 3 , Ba 0.5 Sr 0.5 Co 0.8 Fe 0.2 O 3 , Ba(Ce 1−x Bi x )O 3 , PrBa 0.5 Sr 0.5 Co 1.5 Fe 0.5 O 5+δ , or a combination thereof.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cathode layer is deposited via suspension plasma spray, auxiliary plasma spray, or slurry application.

12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the anode layer and the cathode layer are deposited via suspension plasma spray.

13. The method of claim 1 , wherein depositing of, at least, the anode layer occurs via dual jetting nozzles.

14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the materials of the anode layer, the electrolyte layer, and the cathode layer are selected to form the electrochemical cell having an operating temperature of about 500° C. to about 700° C.

15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the suspension plasma spray comprises particles about 1 micrometers to about 15 micrometers in average diameter, as measured by electron microscopy.

16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the suspension plasma spray comprises a powder suspended in a liquid.

17. A stack comprising two or more of the electrochemical cell of claim 1 .

18. The stack of claim 17 , further comprising a metal mesh layer deposited between two electrochemical cells.

19. The stack of claim 17 , further comprising a flow channel layer deposited between two electrochemical cells.

20. The stack of claim 17 , further comprising a hydrocarbon fuel in contact with the stack.