High solubility iron hexacyanides
Stable solutions comprising high concentrations of charged coordination complexes, including iron hexacyanides are described, as are methods of preparing and using same in chemical energy storage systems, including flow battery systems. The use of these compositions allows energy storage densities at levels unavailable by other iron hexacyanide systems.
1. An alkaline aqueous solution, comprising:
(a) an iron hexacyanide complex; and
(b) at least two different alkali metal counterions;
the at least two different alkali metal counterions being present in an amount sufficient such that the concentration of said iron hexacyanide complex, at a given temperature, being higher than can be obtained when said iron hexacyanide complex is in the presence of any single one of the at least two different alkali metal counterions,
wherein the concentration of the iron hexacyanide complex is from at least about 1.2 M to about 3 M,
wherein the stable aqueous solution provides a concentration of the iron hexacyanide coordination complex which is at least about 10% higher than the solubility limit of said iron hexacyanide coordination complex, when said iron hexacyanide coordination complex is in solution in the presence of any and only one of the at least two types of counterions; and
wherein the alkaline aqueous solution is substantially free of alkaline earth metal cations.
2. The solution of claim 1 , wherein the solution is stable to precipitation at a temperature in the range of from about −10° C. to about 60° C.
3. The solution of claim 1 , wherein the at least two different alkali metal counterions include Na + and K + .
4. The solution of claim 1 , wherein two of the at least two different alkali metal counterions are present at a molar ratio in the range of from about 1:10 to about 10:1, with respect to one another.
5. The solution of claim 4 , wherein the different alkali metal cations are Na + and K + cations, present in a ratio of Na + :K + in the range of from about 1:5 to about 5:1.
6. The solution of claim 5 , wherein the different alkali metal cations are Na+ and K+ cations, present in a ratio of Na+:K+ in the range of from about 1:2 to about 2:1.
7. The solution of claim 6 , wherein the Na+ and K+ cations are present in a ratio of Na+:K+ in the range of about 1:1.
8. The solution of claim 1 , wherein the solution has a pH in a range of from 9 to 14.
9. The solution of claim 1 , further comprising a viscosity modifier or a wetting agent.
10. The solution of claim 1 , further comprising a buffering agent and/or a supporting electrolyte.
11. The solution of claim 1 , further comprising another species which is redox active over a range of from about −0.8 V to about 1.8 V, vs. RHE.
12. The solution of claim 1 consisting essentially of iron(II) hexacyanide, iron(III) hexacyanide, or a mixture of iron(II) hexacyanide and iron(III) hexacyanide capable of exhibiting a theoretical charge/discharge density of at least about 20 A-h/L.
13. The solution of claim 12 consisting essentially of an alkaline solution of iron(II) hexacyanide, iron(III) hexacyanide, or a mixture of iron(II) hexacyanide and iron(III) hexacyanide capable of exhibiting a theoretical charge/discharge density of at least about 30 A-h/L.
14. An electrochemical cell having at least one half-cell comprising a solution of claim 1 .
15. The electrochemical cell of claim 14 , wherein the at least one half-cell comprises a solution of iron(II) hexacyanide, iron(III) hexacyanide, or a mixture of iron(II) hexacyanide and iron(III) hexacyanide capable of exhibiting a theoretical charge/discharge density of at least about 20 A-h/L.
16. The electrochemical cell of claim 14 , wherein the at least one half-cell consists essentially of an alkaline solution of iron(II) hexacyanide, iron(III) hexacyanide, or a mixture of iron(II) hexacyanide and iron(III) hexacyanide capable of exhibiting a theoretical charge/discharge density of at least about 20 A-h/L.
17. The electrochemical cell of claim 14 , wherein the at least one half-cell comprises a solution of iron(II) hexacyanide, iron(III) hexacyanide, or a mixture of iron(II) hexacyanide and iron(III) hexacyanide capable of exhibiting a theoretical charge/discharge density of at least about 30 A-h/L.
18. The electrochemical cell of claim 14 , wherein the at least one half-cell consists essentially of an alkaline solution of iron(II) hexacyanide, iron(III) hexacyanide, or a mixture of iron(II) hexacyanide and iron(III) hexacyanide capable of exhibiting a theoretical charge/discharge density of at least about 30 A-h/L.
19. The electrochemical cell of claim 14 , wherein the cell is a flow battery cell.
20. An energy storage system comprising a series array of electrochemical cells, wherein at least one electrochemical cell is an electrochemical cell of claim 14 .